Initial plan

Add naiveproxy outbound
Add Windows WI-FI state support
2026-04-12 01:57:18 +10:00 · 2025-12-09 15:50:26 +00:00 · 2025-12-09 22:20:27 +08:00 · 2025-12-07 15:47:15 +08:00 · 2025-12-07 13:54:38 +08:00 · 2025-12-07 10:09:13 +08:00
242 changed files with 4395 additions and 18431 deletions
--- a/.fpm_openwrt
+++ b/.fpm_openwrt
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 --depends kmod-inet-diag
 --depends kmod-tun
 --depends firewall4
--depends kmod-nft-queue

 --before-remove release/config/openwrt.prerm

--- a/.github/CRONET_GO_VERSION
+++ b/.github/CRONET_GO_VERSION
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-abd78bb191a815236485ad929716845ffb41465a
--- a/.github/setup_go_for_windows7.sh
+++ b/.github/setup_go_for_windows7.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash

-VERSION="1.25.7"
+VERSION="1.25.4"

 mkdir -p $HOME/go
 cd $HOME/go
--- a/.github/setup_musl_cross.sh
+++ b/.github/setup_musl_cross.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -xeuo pipefail
+
+TARGET="$1"
+
+# Download musl-cross toolchain from musl.cc
+cd "$HOME"
+wget -q "https://musl.cc/${TARGET}-cross.tgz"
+mkdir -p musl-cross
+tar -xf "${TARGET}-cross.tgz" -C musl-cross --strip-components=1
+rm "${TARGET}-cross.tgz"
--- a/.github/update_cronet.sh
+++ b/.github/update_cronet.sh
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash

-set -e -o pipefail
-
-SCRIPT_DIR=$(dirname "$0")
-PROJECTS=$SCRIPT_DIR/../..
-
-git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go fetch origin main
+PROJECTS=$(dirname "$0")/../..
 git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go fetch origin go
 go get -x github.com/sagernet/cronet-go/all@$(git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go rev-parse origin/go)
-go get -x github.com/sagernet/cronet-go@$(git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go rev-parse origin/go)
+
 go mod tidy
-git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go rev-parse origin/go > "$SCRIPT_DIR/CRONET_GO_VERSION"
--- a/.github/update_cronet_dev.sh
+++ b/.github/update_cronet_dev.sh
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-set -e -o pipefail
-
-SCRIPT_DIR=$(dirname "$0")
-PROJECTS=$SCRIPT_DIR/../..
-
-git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go fetch origin dev
-git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go fetch origin go_dev
-go get -x github.com/sagernet/cronet-go/all@$(git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go rev-parse origin/go_dev)
-go get -x github.com/sagernet/cronet-go@$(git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go rev-parse origin/go_dev)
-go mod tidy
-git -C $PROJECTS/cronet-go rev-parse origin/dev > "$SCRIPT_DIR/CRONET_GO_VERSION"
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Setup Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Check input version
        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
        run: |-
@@ -69,51 +69,34 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        include:
-          - { os: linux, arch: amd64, variant: purego, naive: true }
-          - { os: linux, arch: amd64, variant: glibc, naive: true }
-          - { os: linux, arch: amd64, variant: musl, naive: true, debian: amd64, rpm: x86_64, pacman: x86_64, openwrt: "x86_64" }
-
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm64, variant: purego, naive: true }
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm64, variant: glibc, naive: true }
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm64, variant: musl, naive: true, debian: arm64, rpm: aarch64, pacman: aarch64, openwrt: "aarch64_cortex-a53 aarch64_cortex-a72 aarch64_cortex-a76 aarch64_generic" }
-
-          - { os: linux, arch: "386", go386: sse2 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: "386", variant: glibc, naive: true, go386: sse2 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: "386", variant: musl, naive: true, go386: sse2, debian: i386, rpm: i386, openwrt: "i386_pentium4" }
-
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "7" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm, variant: glibc, naive: true, goarm: "7" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm, variant: musl, naive: true, goarm: "7", debian: armhf, rpm: armv7hl, pacman: armv7hl, openwrt: "arm_cortex-a5_vfpv4 arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4 arm_cortex-a7_vfpv4 arm_cortex-a8_vfpv3 arm_cortex-a9_neon arm_cortex-a9_vfpv3-d16 arm_cortex-a15_neon-vfpv4" }
-
-          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: hardfloat, naive: true, variant: glibc }
-          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: softfloat, naive: true, variant: musl, debian: mipsel, rpm: mipsel, openwrt: "mipsel_24kc mipsel_74kc mipsel_mips32" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: mips64le, gomips: hardfloat, naive: true, variant: glibc, debian: mips64el, rpm: mips64el }
-          - { os: linux, arch: riscv64, naive: true, variant: glibc }
-          - { os: linux, arch: riscv64, naive: true, variant: musl, debian: riscv64, rpm: riscv64, openwrt: "riscv64_generic" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: loong64, naive: true, variant: glibc }
-          - { os: linux, arch: loong64, naive: true, variant: musl, debian: loongarch64, rpm: loongarch64, openwrt: "loongarch64_generic" }
-
+          - { os: linux, arch: amd64, debian: amd64, rpm: x86_64, pacman: x86_64, openwrt: "x86_64" }
+          - { os: linux, arch: "386", go386: sse2, debian: i386, rpm: i386, openwrt: "i386_pentium4" }
          - { os: linux, arch: "386", go386: softfloat, openwrt: "i386_pentium-mmx" }
+          - { os: linux, arch: arm64, debian: arm64, rpm: aarch64, pacman: aarch64, openwrt: "aarch64_cortex-a53 aarch64_cortex-a72 aarch64_cortex-a76 aarch64_generic" }
          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "5", openwrt: "arm_arm926ej-s arm_cortex-a7 arm_cortex-a9 arm_fa526 arm_xscale" }
          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "6", debian: armel, rpm: armv6hl, openwrt: "arm_arm1176jzf-s_vfp" }
+          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "7", debian: armhf, rpm: armv7hl, pacman: armv7hl, openwrt: "arm_cortex-a5_vfpv4 arm_cortex-a7_neon-vfpv4 arm_cortex-a7_vfpv4 arm_cortex-a8_vfpv3 arm_cortex-a9_neon arm_cortex-a9_vfpv3-d16 arm_cortex-a15_neon-vfpv4" }
          - { os: linux, arch: mips, gomips: softfloat, openwrt: "mips_24kc mips_4kec mips_mips32" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: hardfloat, openwrt: "mipsel_24kc_24kf" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: softfloat }
+          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: hardfloat, debian: mipsel, rpm: mipsel, openwrt: "mipsel_24kc_24kf" }
+          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: softfloat, openwrt: "mipsel_24kc mipsel_74kc mipsel_mips32" }
          - { os: linux, arch: mips64, gomips: softfloat, openwrt: "mips64_mips64r2 mips64_octeonplus" }
-          - { os: linux, arch: mips64le, gomips: hardfloat }
+          - { os: linux, arch: mips64le, gomips: hardfloat, debian: mips64el, rpm: mips64el }
          - { os: linux, arch: mips64le, gomips: softfloat, openwrt: "mips64el_mips64r2" }
          - { os: linux, arch: s390x, debian: s390x, rpm: s390x }
          - { os: linux, arch: ppc64le, debian: ppc64el, rpm: ppc64le }
-          - { os: linux, arch: riscv64 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: loong64 }
+          - { os: linux, arch: riscv64, debian: riscv64, rpm: riscv64, openwrt: "riscv64_generic" }
+          - { os: linux, arch: loong64, debian: loongarch64, rpm: loongarch64, openwrt: "loongarch64_generic" }

+          - { os: windows, arch: amd64 }
          - { os: windows, arch: amd64, legacy_win7: true, legacy_name: "windows-7" }
+          - { os: windows, arch: "386" }
          - { os: windows, arch: "386", legacy_win7: true, legacy_name: "windows-7" }
+          - { os: windows, arch: arm64 }

-          - { os: android, arch: arm64, ndk: "aarch64-linux-android23" }
-          - { os: android, arch: arm, ndk: "armv7a-linux-androideabi23" }
-          - { os: android, arch: amd64, ndk: "x86_64-linux-android23" }
-          - { os: android, arch: "386", ndk: "i686-linux-android23" }
+          - { os: android, arch: arm64, ndk: "aarch64-linux-android21" }
+          - { os: android, arch: arm, ndk: "armv7a-linux-androideabi21" }
+          - { os: android, arch: amd64, ndk: "x86_64-linux-android21" }
+          - { os: android, arch: "386", ndk: "i686-linux-android21" }
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5
@@ -123,7 +106,7 @@ jobs:
        if: ${{ ! (matrix.legacy_win7 || matrix.legacy_go124) }}
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Setup Go 1.24
        if: matrix.legacy_go124
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
@@ -136,7 +119,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          path: |
            ~/go/go_win7
-          key: go_win7_1255
+          key: go_win7_1254
      - name: Setup Go for Windows 7
        if: matrix.legacy_win7 && steps.cache-go-for-windows7.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
        run: |-
@@ -152,54 +135,6 @@ jobs:
        with:
          ndk-version: r28
          local-cache: true
-      - name: Clone cronet-go
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          CRONET_GO_VERSION=$(cat .github/CRONET_GO_VERSION)
-          git init ~/cronet-go
-          git -C ~/cronet-go remote add origin https://github.com/sagernet/cronet-go.git
-          git -C ~/cronet-go fetch --depth=1 origin "$CRONET_GO_VERSION"
-          git -C ~/cronet-go checkout FETCH_HEAD
-          git -C ~/cronet-go submodule update --init --recursive --depth=1
-      - name: Regenerate Debian keyring
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          rm -f ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/build/linux/sysroot_scripts/keyring.gpg
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          GPG_TTY=/dev/null ./naiveproxy/src/build/linux/sysroot_scripts/generate_keyring.sh
-      - name: Cache Chromium toolchain
-        if: matrix.naive
-        id: cache-chromium-toolchain
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/third_party/llvm-build/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/gn/out/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/chrome/build/pgo_profiles/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/out/sysroot-build/
-          key: chromium-toolchain-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.variant }}-${{ hashFiles('.github/CRONET_GO_VERSION') }}
-      - name: Download Chromium toolchain
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.variant }}" == "musl" ]]; then
-            go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} --libc=musl download-toolchain
-          else
-            go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} download-toolchain
-          fi
-      - name: Set Chromium toolchain environment
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.variant }}" == "musl" ]]; then
-            go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} --libc=musl env >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          else
-            go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} env >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          fi
      - name: Set tag
        run: |-
          git ls-remote --exit-code --tags origin v${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} || echo "PUBLISHED=false" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
@@ -207,79 +142,18 @@ jobs:
      - name: Set build tags
        run: |
          set -xeuo pipefail
-          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.naive }}" == "true" ]]; then
+          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
+          if [[ "${{ matrix.os }}" == "android" ]]; then
            TAGS="${TAGS},with_naive_outbound"
          fi
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.variant }}" == "purego" ]]; then
-            TAGS="${TAGS},with_purego"
-          elif [[ "${{ matrix.variant }}" == "musl" ]]; then
-            TAGS="${TAGS},with_musl"
-          fi
          echo "BUILD_TAGS=${TAGS}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
-      - name: Build (purego)
-        if: matrix.variant == 'purego'
+      - name: Build
+        if: matrix.os != 'android'
        run: |
          set -xeuo pipefail
          mkdir -p dist
          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
-          ./cmd/sing-box
-        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
-          GOOS: ${{ matrix.os }}
-          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          GO386: ${{ matrix.go386 }}
-          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
-          GOMIPS: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GOMIPS64: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Extract libcronet.so
-        if: matrix.variant == 'purego' && matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          CGO_ENABLED=0 go run -v ./cmd/build-naive extract-lib --target ${{ matrix.os }}/${{ matrix.arch }} -o $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist
-      - name: Build (glibc)
-        if: matrix.variant == 'glibc'
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          mkdir -p dist
-          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
-          ./cmd/sing-box
-        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
-          GOOS: linux
-          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          GO386: ${{ matrix.go386 }}
-          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
-          GOMIPS: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GOMIPS64: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Build (musl)
-        if: matrix.variant == 'musl'
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          mkdir -p dist
-          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
-          ./cmd/sing-box
-        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
-          GOOS: linux
-          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          GO386: ${{ matrix.go386 }}
-          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
-          GOMIPS: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GOMIPS64: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Build (non-variant)
-        if: matrix.os != 'android' && matrix.variant == ''
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          mkdir -p dist
-          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
+          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -checklinkname=0' \
          ./cmd/sing-box
        env:
          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
@@ -299,7 +173,7 @@ jobs:
          export CXX="${CC}++"
          mkdir -p dist
          GOOS=$BUILD_GOOS GOARCH=$BUILD_GOARCH build go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
+          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -checklinkname=0' \
          ./cmd/sing-box
        env:
          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
@@ -318,11 +192,6 @@ jobs:
          elif [[ -n "${{ matrix.legacy_name }}" ]]; then
            DIR_NAME="${DIR_NAME}-legacy-${{ matrix.legacy_name }}"
          fi
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.variant }}" == "glibc" ]]; then
-            DIR_NAME="${DIR_NAME}-glibc"
-          elif [[ "${{ matrix.variant }}" == "musl" ]]; then
-            DIR_NAME="${DIR_NAME}-musl"
-          fi
          echo "DIR_NAME=${DIR_NAME}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
          PKG_VERSION="${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }}"
          PKG_VERSION="${PKG_VERSION//-/\~}"
@@ -405,18 +274,15 @@ jobs:
            zip -r "${DIR_NAME}.zip" "${DIR_NAME}"
          else
            cp sing-box "${DIR_NAME}"
-            if [ -f libcronet.so ]; then
-              cp libcronet.so "${DIR_NAME}"
-            fi
            tar -czvf "${DIR_NAME}.tar.gz" "${DIR_NAME}"
          fi
          rm -r "${DIR_NAME}"
      - name: Cleanup
-        run: rm -f dist/sing-box dist/libcronet.so
+        run: rm dist/sing-box
      - name: Upload artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
-          name: binary-${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}${{ matrix.goarm && format('v{0}', matrix.goarm) }}${{ matrix.go386 && format('_{0}', matrix.go386) }}${{ matrix.gomips && format('_{0}', matrix.gomips) }}${{ matrix.legacy_name && format('-legacy-{0}', matrix.legacy_name) }}${{ matrix.variant && format('-{0}', matrix.variant) }}
+          name: binary-${{ matrix.os }}_${{ matrix.arch }}${{ matrix.goarm && format('v{0}', matrix.goarm) }}${{ matrix.go386 && format('_{0}', matrix.go386) }}${{ matrix.gomips && format('_{0}', matrix.gomips) }}${{ matrix.legacy_name && format('-legacy-{0}', matrix.legacy_name) }}
          path: "dist"
  build_darwin:
    name: Build Darwin binaries
@@ -452,17 +318,14 @@ jobs:
      - name: Set build tags
        run: |
          set -xeuo pipefail
-          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.legacy_go124 }}" != "true" ]]; then
-            TAGS="${TAGS},with_naive_outbound"
-          fi
+          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_naive_outbound,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
          echo "BUILD_TAGS=${TAGS}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
      - name: Build
        run: |
          set -xeuo pipefail
          mkdir -p dist
          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
+          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -checklinkname=0' \
          ./cmd/sing-box
        env:
          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
@@ -492,18 +355,25 @@ jobs:
        with:
          name: binary-darwin_${{ matrix.arch }}${{ matrix.legacy_name && format('-legacy-{0}', matrix.legacy_name) }}
          path: "dist"
-  build_windows:
-    name: Build Windows binaries
+  build_naive_linux:
+    name: Build Linux with naive outbound
    if: github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || inputs.build == 'All' || inputs.build == 'Binary'
-    runs-on: windows-latest
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs:
      - calculate_version
    strategy:
      matrix:
        include:
-          - { arch: amd64, naive: true }
-          - { arch: "386" }
-          - { arch: arm64, naive: true }
+          # Linux glibc (dynamic linking with Debian Bullseye sysroot)
+          - { arch: amd64, sysroot_arch: amd64, sysroot_sha: "36a164623d03f525e3dfb783a5e9b8a00e98e1ddd2b5cff4e449bd016dd27e50", cc_target: "x86_64-linux-gnu", suffix: "-naive" }
+          - { arch: arm64, sysroot_arch: arm64, sysroot_sha: "2f915d821eec27515c0c6d21b69898e23762908d8d7ccc1aa2a8f5f25e8b7e18", cc_target: "aarch64-linux-gnu", suffix: "-naive" }
+          - { arch: "386", sysroot_arch: i386, sysroot_sha: "63f0e5128b84f7b0421956a4a40affa472be8da0e58caf27e9acbc84072daee7", cc_target: "i686-linux-gnu", suffix: "-naive" }
+          - { arch: arm, goarm: "7", sysroot_arch: armhf, sysroot_sha: "47b3a0b161ca011b2b33d4fc1ef6ef269b8208a0b7e4c900700c345acdfd1814", cc_target: "arm-linux-gnueabihf", suffix: "-naive" }
+          # Linux musl (static linking)
+          - { arch: amd64, musl: true, cc_target: "x86_64-linux-musl", suffix: "-naive-musl" }
+          - { arch: arm64, musl: true, cc_target: "aarch64-linux-musl", suffix: "-naive-musl" }
+          - { arch: "386", musl: true, cc_target: "i686-linux-musl", suffix: "-naive-musl" }
+          - { arch: arm, goarm: "7", musl: true, cc_target: "arm-linux-musleabihf", suffix: "-naive-musl" }
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5
@@ -515,67 +385,97 @@ jobs:
          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Set tag
        run: |-
-          git ls-remote --exit-code --tags origin v${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} || echo "PUBLISHED=false" >> "$env:GITHUB_ENV"
+          git ls-remote --exit-code --tags origin v${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} || echo "PUBLISHED=false" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
          git tag v${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -f
-      - name: Build
-        if: matrix.naive
+      - name: Download sysroot (glibc)
+        if: ${{ ! matrix.musl }}
        run: |
+          set -xeuo pipefail
+          wget -q "https://commondatastorage.googleapis.com/chrome-linux-sysroot/${{ matrix.sysroot_sha }}" -O sysroot.tar.xz
+          mkdir -p /tmp/sysroot
+          tar -xf sysroot.tar.xz -C /tmp/sysroot
+      - name: Install cross compiler (glibc)
+        if: ${{ ! matrix.musl }}
+        run: |
+          set -xeuo pipefail
+          sudo apt-get update
+          sudo apt-get install -y clang lld
+          if [[ "${{ matrix.arch }}" == "arm64" ]]; then
+            sudo apt-get install -y libc6-dev-arm64-cross
+          elif [[ "${{ matrix.arch }}" == "386" ]]; then
+            sudo apt-get install -y libc6-dev-i386-cross
+          elif [[ "${{ matrix.arch }}" == "arm" ]]; then
+            sudo apt-get install -y libc6-dev-armhf-cross
+          fi
+      - name: Install musl cross compiler
+        if: matrix.musl
+        run: |
+          set -xeuo pipefail
+          .github/setup_musl_cross.sh "${{ matrix.cc_target }}"
+          echo "PATH=$HOME/musl-cross/bin:$PATH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Set build tags
+        run: |
+          set -xeuo pipefail
+          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_naive_outbound,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
+          if [[ "${{ matrix.musl }}" == "true" ]]; then
+            TAGS="${TAGS},with_musl"
+          fi
+          echo "BUILD_TAGS=${TAGS}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
+      - name: Build (glibc)
+        if: ${{ ! matrix.musl }}
+        run: |
+          set -xeuo pipefail
          mkdir -p dist
-          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box.exe -tags "with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,with_naive_outbound,with_purego,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0" `
-          -ldflags "-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0" `
+          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
+          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -checklinkname=0 -linkmode=external -extldflags "-fuse-ld=lld --sysroot=/tmp/sysroot"' \
          ./cmd/sing-box
        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
-          GOOS: windows
+          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
+          GOOS: linux
          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
+          CC: "clang --target=${{ matrix.cc_target }} --sysroot=/tmp/sysroot"
+          CXX: "clang++ --target=${{ matrix.cc_target }} --sysroot=/tmp/sysroot"
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Build
-        if: ${{ !matrix.naive }}
+      - name: Build (musl)
+        if: matrix.musl
        run: |
+          set -xeuo pipefail
          mkdir -p dist
-          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box.exe -tags "with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0" `
-          -ldflags "-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0" `
+          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
+          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -checklinkname=0 -linkmode=external -extldflags "-static"' \
          ./cmd/sing-box
        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
-          GOOS: windows
+          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
+          GOOS: linux
          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
+          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
+          CC: "${{ matrix.cc_target }}-gcc"
+          CXX: "${{ matrix.cc_target }}-g++"
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Extract libcronet.dll
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          $CRONET_GO_VERSION = Get-Content .github/CRONET_GO_VERSION
-          $env:CGO_ENABLED = "0"
-          go run -v "github.com/sagernet/cronet-go/cmd/build-naive@$CRONET_GO_VERSION" extract-lib --target windows/${{ matrix.arch }} -o dist
+      - name: Set name
+        run: |-
+          DIR_NAME="sing-box-${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }}-linux-${{ matrix.arch }}"
+          if [[ -n "${{ matrix.goarm }}" ]]; then
+            DIR_NAME="${DIR_NAME}v${{ matrix.goarm }}"
+          fi
+          DIR_NAME="${DIR_NAME}${{ matrix.suffix }}"
+          echo "DIR_NAME=${DIR_NAME}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
      - name: Archive
-        if: matrix.naive
        run: |
-          $DIR_NAME = "sing-box-${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }}-windows-${{ matrix.arch }}"
-          mkdir "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Copy-Item LICENSE "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Copy-Item "dist/sing-box.exe" "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Copy-Item "dist/libcronet.dll" "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Compress-Archive -Path "dist/$DIR_NAME" -DestinationPath "dist/$DIR_NAME.zip"
-          Remove-Item -Recurse "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-      - name: Archive
-        if: ${{ !matrix.naive }}
-        run: |
-          $DIR_NAME = "sing-box-${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }}-windows-${{ matrix.arch }}"
-          mkdir "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Copy-Item LICENSE "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Copy-Item "dist/sing-box.exe" "dist/$DIR_NAME"
-          Compress-Archive -Path "dist/$DIR_NAME" -DestinationPath "dist/$DIR_NAME.zip"
-          Remove-Item -Recurse "dist/$DIR_NAME"
+          set -xeuo pipefail
+          cd dist
+          mkdir -p "${DIR_NAME}"
+          cp ../LICENSE "${DIR_NAME}"
+          cp sing-box "${DIR_NAME}"
+          tar -czvf "${DIR_NAME}.tar.gz" "${DIR_NAME}"
+          rm -r "${DIR_NAME}"
      - name: Cleanup
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: Remove-Item dist/sing-box.exe, dist/libcronet.dll
-      - name: Cleanup
-        if: ${{ !matrix.naive }}
-        run: Remove-Item dist/sing-box.exe
+        run: rm dist/sing-box
      - name: Upload artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
-          name: binary-windows_${{ matrix.arch }}
+          name: binary-linux_${{ matrix.arch }}${{ matrix.goarm && format('v{0}', matrix.goarm) }}${{ matrix.suffix }}
          path: "dist"
  build_android:
    name: Build Android
@@ -592,7 +492,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Setup Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Setup Android NDK
        id: setup-ndk
        uses: nttld/setup-ndk@v1
@@ -640,9 +540,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build
        run: |-
          mkdir clients/android/app/libs
-          cp *.aar clients/android/app/libs
+          cp libbox.aar clients/android/app/libs
          cd clients/android
-          ./gradlew :app:assembleOtherRelease :app:assembleOtherLegacyRelease
+          ./gradlew :app:assemblePlayRelease :app:assembleOtherRelease
        env:
          JAVA_HOME: /usr/lib/jvm/java-17-openjdk-amd64
          ANDROID_NDK_HOME: ${{ steps.setup-ndk.outputs.ndk-path }}
@@ -650,18 +550,8 @@ jobs:
      - name: Prepare upload
        run: |-
          mkdir -p dist
-          #cp clients/android/app/build/outputs/apk/play/release/*.apk dist
-          cp clients/android/app/build/outputs/apk/other/release/*.apk dist
-          cp clients/android/app/build/outputs/apk/otherLegacy/release/*.apk dist
-          VERSION_CODE=$(grep VERSION_CODE clients/android/version.properties | cut -d= -f2)
-          VERSION_NAME=$(grep VERSION_NAME clients/android/version.properties | cut -d= -f2)
-          cat > dist/SFA-version-metadata.json << EOF
-          {
-            "version_code": ${VERSION_CODE},
-            "version_name": "${VERSION_NAME}"
-          }
-          EOF
-          cat dist/SFA-version-metadata.json
+          cp clients/android/app/build/outputs/apk/play/release/*.apk dist
+          cp clients/android/app/build/outputs/apk/other/release/*-universal.apk dist
      - name: Upload artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -682,7 +572,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Setup Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Setup Android NDK
        id: setup-ndk
        uses: nttld/setup-ndk@v1
@@ -723,7 +613,7 @@ jobs:
        run: |-
          go run -v ./cmd/internal/update_android_version --ci
          mkdir clients/android/app/libs
-          cp *.aar clients/android/app/libs
+          cp libbox.aar clients/android/app/libs
          cd clients/android
          echo -n "$SERVICE_ACCOUNT_CREDENTIALS" | base64 --decode > service-account-credentials.json
          ./gradlew :app:publishPlayReleaseBundle
@@ -735,7 +625,7 @@ jobs:
  build_apple:
    name: Build Apple clients
    runs-on: macos-26
-    if: false # github.event_name != 'workflow_dispatch' || inputs.build == 'All' || inputs.build == 'Apple' || inputs.build == 'app-store' || inputs.build == 'iOS' || inputs.build == 'macOS' || inputs.build == 'tvOS' || inputs.build == 'macOS-standalone'
+    if: false
    needs:
      - calculate_version
    strategy:
@@ -781,7 +671,7 @@ jobs:
        if: matrix.if
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Set tag
        if: matrix.if
        run: |-
@@ -900,7 +790,7 @@ jobs:
          		--app-drop-link 0 0 \
          		--skip-jenkins \
          	SFM.dmg "${{ matrix.export_path }}/SFM.app"
-          xcrun notarytool submit "SFM.dmg" --wait --keychain-profile "notarytool-password"
+          xcrun notarytool submit "SFM.dmg" --wait --keychain-profile "notarytool-password"          
          cd "${{ matrix.archive }}"
          zip -r SFM.dSYMs.zip dSYMs
          popd
@@ -922,7 +812,7 @@ jobs:
      - calculate_version
      - build
      - build_darwin
-      - build_windows
+      - build_naive_linux
      - build_android
      - build_apple
    steps:
--- a/.github/workflows/docker.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 name: Publish Docker Images

 on:
-  #push:
-  #  branches:
-  #    - main-next
-  #    - dev-next
  release:
    types:
      - published
@@ -17,146 +13,8 @@ env:
  REGISTRY_IMAGE: ghcr.io/sagernet/sing-box

 jobs:
-  build_binary:
-    name: Build binary
+  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: true
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          # Naive-enabled builds (musl)
-          - { arch: amd64, naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/amd64" }
-          - { arch: arm64, naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/arm64" }
-          - { arch: "386", naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/386" }
-          - { arch: arm, goarm: "7", naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/arm/v7" }
-          - { arch: mipsle, gomips: softfloat, naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/mipsle" }
-          - { arch: riscv64, naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/riscv64" }
-          - { arch: loong64, naive: true, docker_platform: "linux/loong64" }
-          # Non-naive builds
-          - { arch: arm, goarm: "6", docker_platform: "linux/arm/v6" }
-          - { arch: ppc64le, docker_platform: "linux/ppc64le" }
-          - { arch: s390x, docker_platform: "linux/s390x" }
-    steps:
-      - name: Get commit to build
-        id: ref
-        run: |-
-          if [[ -z "${{ github.event.inputs.tag }}" ]]; then
-            ref="${{ github.ref_name }}"
-          else
-            ref="${{ github.event.inputs.tag }}"
-          fi
-          echo "ref=$ref"
-          echo "ref=$ref" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5
-        with:
-          ref: ${{ steps.ref.outputs.ref }}
-          fetch-depth: 0
-      - name: Setup Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
-        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
-      - name: Clone cronet-go
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          CRONET_GO_VERSION=$(cat .github/CRONET_GO_VERSION)
-          git init ~/cronet-go
-          git -C ~/cronet-go remote add origin https://github.com/sagernet/cronet-go.git
-          git -C ~/cronet-go fetch --depth=1 origin "$CRONET_GO_VERSION"
-          git -C ~/cronet-go checkout FETCH_HEAD
-          git -C ~/cronet-go submodule update --init --recursive --depth=1
-      - name: Regenerate Debian keyring
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          rm -f ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/build/linux/sysroot_scripts/keyring.gpg
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          GPG_TTY=/dev/null ./naiveproxy/src/build/linux/sysroot_scripts/generate_keyring.sh
-      - name: Cache Chromium toolchain
-        if: matrix.naive
-        id: cache-chromium-toolchain
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
-        with:
-          path: |
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/third_party/llvm-build/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/gn/out/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/chrome/build/pgo_profiles/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/out/sysroot-build/
-          key: chromium-toolchain-${{ matrix.arch }}-musl-${{ hashFiles('.github/CRONET_GO_VERSION') }}
-      - name: Download Chromium toolchain
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} --libc=musl download-toolchain
-      - name: Set version
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          VERSION=$(go run ./cmd/internal/read_tag)
-          echo "VERSION=${VERSION}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
-      - name: Set Chromium toolchain environment
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} --libc=musl env >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Set build tags
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.naive }}" == "true" ]]; then
-            TAGS="${TAGS},with_naive_outbound,with_musl"
-          fi
-          echo "BUILD_TAGS=${TAGS}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
-      - name: Build (naive)
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          go build -v -trimpath -o sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags "-X \"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${VERSION}\" -X 'internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0' -s -w -buildid= -checklinkname=0" \
-          ./cmd/sing-box
-        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
-          GOOS: linux
-          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
-          GOMIPS: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-      - name: Build (non-naive)
-        if: ${{ ! matrix.naive }}
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          go build -v -trimpath -o sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags "-X \"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${VERSION}\" -X 'internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0' -s -w -buildid= -checklinkname=0" \
-          ./cmd/sing-box
-        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
-          GOOS: linux
-          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
-      - name: Prepare artifact
-        run: |
-          platform=${{ matrix.docker_platform }}
-          echo "PLATFORM_PAIR=${platform//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          # Rename binary to include arch info for Dockerfile.binary
-          BINARY_NAME="sing-box-${{ matrix.arch }}"
-          if [[ -n "${{ matrix.goarm }}" ]]; then
-            BINARY_NAME="${BINARY_NAME}v${{ matrix.goarm }}"
-          fi
-          mv sing-box "${BINARY_NAME}"
-          echo "BINARY_NAME=${BINARY_NAME}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Upload binary
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: binary-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }}
-          path: ${{ env.BINARY_NAME }}
-          if-no-files-found: error
-          retention-days: 1
-  build_docker:
-    name: Build Docker image
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs:
-      - build_binary
    strategy:
      fail-fast: true
      matrix:
@@ -166,11 +24,9 @@ jobs:
          - linux/arm/v7
          - linux/arm64
          - linux/386
-          - linux/mipsle
          - linux/ppc64le
          - linux/riscv64
          - linux/s390x
-          - linux/loong64
    steps:
      - name: Get commit to build
        id: ref
@@ -191,16 +47,6 @@ jobs:
        run: |
          platform=${{ matrix.platform }}
          echo "PLATFORM_PAIR=${platform//\//-}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - name: Download binary
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
-        with:
-          name: binary-${{ env.PLATFORM_PAIR }}
-          path: .
-      - name: Prepare binary
-        run: |
-          # Find and make the binary executable
-          chmod +x sing-box-*
-          ls -la sing-box-*
      - name: Setup QEMU
        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
      - name: Setup Docker Buildx
@@ -222,7 +68,8 @@ jobs:
        with:
          platforms: ${{ matrix.platform }}
          context: .
-          file: Dockerfile.binary
+          build-args: |
+            BUILDKIT_CONTEXT_KEEP_GIT_DIR=1
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
          outputs: type=image,name=${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }},push-by-digest=true,name-canonical=true,push=true
      - name: Export digest
@@ -240,7 +87,7 @@ jobs:
  merge:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs:
-      - build_docker
+      - build
    steps:
      - name: Get commit to build
        id: ref
@@ -274,7 +121,6 @@ jobs:
          username: ${{ github.repository_owner }}
          password: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      - name: Create manifest list and push
-        if: github.event_name != 'push'
        working-directory: /tmp/digests
        run: |
          docker buildx imagetools create \
@@ -282,7 +128,6 @@ jobs:
            -t "${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}:${{ steps.ref.outputs.ref }}" \
            $(printf '${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}@sha256:%s ' *)
      - name: Inspect image
-        if: github.event_name != 'push'
        run: |
          docker buildx imagetools inspect ${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}:${{ steps.ref.outputs.latest }}
          docker buildx imagetools inspect ${{ env.REGISTRY_IMAGE }}:${{ steps.ref.outputs.ref }}
--- a/.github/workflows/lint.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: golangci-lint
        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
        with:
-          version: latest
+          version: v2.4.0
          args: --timeout=30m
          install-mode: binary
          verify: false
--- a/.github/workflows/linux.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/linux.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 name: Build Linux Packages

 on:
-  #push:
-  #  branches:
-  #    - main-next
-  #    - dev-next
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      version:
@@ -34,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Setup Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
      - name: Check input version
        if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch'
        run: |-
@@ -56,19 +52,17 @@ jobs:
    strategy:
      matrix:
        include:
-          # Naive-enabled builds (musl)
-          - { os: linux, arch: amd64, naive: true, debian: amd64, rpm: x86_64, pacman: x86_64 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm64, naive: true, debian: arm64, rpm: aarch64, pacman: aarch64 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: "386", naive: true, debian: i386, rpm: i386 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "7", naive: true, debian: armhf, rpm: armv7hl, pacman: armv7hl }
-          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, gomips: softfloat, naive: true, debian: mipsel, rpm: mipsel }
-          - { os: linux, arch: riscv64, naive: true, debian: riscv64, rpm: riscv64 }
-          - { os: linux, arch: loong64, naive: true, debian: loongarch64, rpm: loongarch64 }
-          # Non-naive builds (unsupported architectures)
+          - { os: linux, arch: amd64, debian: amd64, rpm: x86_64, pacman: x86_64 }
+          - { os: linux, arch: "386", debian: i386, rpm: i386 }
          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "6", debian: armel, rpm: armv6hl }
+          - { os: linux, arch: arm, goarm: "7", debian: armhf, rpm: armv7hl, pacman: armv7hl }
+          - { os: linux, arch: arm64, debian: arm64, rpm: aarch64, pacman: aarch64 }
          - { os: linux, arch: mips64le, debian: mips64el, rpm: mips64el }
+          - { os: linux, arch: mipsle, debian: mipsel, rpm: mipsel }
          - { os: linux, arch: s390x, debian: s390x, rpm: s390x }
          - { os: linux, arch: ppc64le, debian: ppc64el, rpm: ppc64le }
+          - { os: linux, arch: riscv64, debian: riscv64, rpm: riscv64 }
+          - { os: linux, arch: loong64, debian: loongarch64, rpm: loongarch64 }
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5
@@ -77,47 +71,13 @@ jobs:
      - name: Setup Go
        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: ~1.25.7
-      - name: Clone cronet-go
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          CRONET_GO_VERSION=$(cat .github/CRONET_GO_VERSION)
-          git init ~/cronet-go
-          git -C ~/cronet-go remote add origin https://github.com/sagernet/cronet-go.git
-          git -C ~/cronet-go fetch --depth=1 origin "$CRONET_GO_VERSION"
-          git -C ~/cronet-go checkout FETCH_HEAD
-          git -C ~/cronet-go submodule update --init --recursive --depth=1
-      - name: Regenerate Debian keyring
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          rm -f ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/build/linux/sysroot_scripts/keyring.gpg
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          GPG_TTY=/dev/null ./naiveproxy/src/build/linux/sysroot_scripts/generate_keyring.sh
-      - name: Cache Chromium toolchain
-        if: matrix.naive
-        id: cache-chromium-toolchain
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
+          go-version: ^1.25.4
+      - name: Setup Android NDK
+        if: matrix.os == 'android'
+        uses: nttld/setup-ndk@v1
        with:
-          path: |
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/third_party/llvm-build/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/gn/out/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/chrome/build/pgo_profiles/
-            ~/cronet-go/naiveproxy/src/out/sysroot-build/
-          key: chromium-toolchain-${{ matrix.arch }}-musl-${{ hashFiles('.github/CRONET_GO_VERSION') }}
-      - name: Download Chromium toolchain
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} --libc=musl download-toolchain
-      - name: Set Chromium toolchain environment
-        if: matrix.naive
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          cd ~/cronet-go
-          go run ./cmd/build-naive --target=linux/${{ matrix.arch }} --libc=musl env >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          ndk-version: r28
+          local-cache: true
      - name: Set tag
        run: |-
          git ls-remote --exit-code --tags origin v${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} || echo "PUBLISHED=false" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
@@ -125,34 +85,14 @@ jobs:
      - name: Set build tags
        run: |
          set -xeuo pipefail
-          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
-          if [[ "${{ matrix.naive }}" == "true" ]]; then
-            TAGS="${TAGS},with_naive_outbound,with_musl"
-          fi
+          TAGS='with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0'
          echo "BUILD_TAGS=${TAGS}" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
-      - name: Build (naive)
-        if: matrix.naive
+      - name: Build
        run: |
          set -xeuo pipefail
          mkdir -p dist
          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
-          ./cmd/sing-box
-        env:
-          CGO_ENABLED: "1"
-          GOOS: linux
-          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.arch }}
-          GOARM: ${{ matrix.goarm }}
-          GOMIPS: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GOMIPS64: ${{ matrix.gomips }}
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      - name: Build (non-naive)
-        if: ${{ ! matrix.naive }}
-        run: |
-          set -xeuo pipefail
-          mkdir -p dist
-          go build -v -trimpath -o dist/sing-box -tags "${BUILD_TAGS}" \
-          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0' \
+          -ldflags '-s -buildid= -X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=${{ needs.calculate_version.outputs.version }} -checklinkname=0' \
          ./cmd/sing-box
        env:
          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
@@ -245,6 +185,5 @@ jobs:
          path: dist
          merge-multiple: true
      - name: Publish packages
-        if: github.event_name != 'push'
        run: |-
          ls dist | xargs -I {} curl -F "package=@dist/{}" https://${{ secrets.FURY_TOKEN }}@push.fury.io/sagernet/
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@
 /*.jar
 /*.aar
 /*.xcframework/
-/experimental/libbox/*.aar
-/experimental/libbox/*.xcframework/
-/experimental/libbox/*.nupkg
 .DS_Store
 /config.d/
 /venv/
--- a/4
+++ b/4
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ RUN set -ex \
    && export COMMIT=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) \
    && export VERSION=$(go run ./cmd/internal/read_tag) \
    && go build -v -trimpath -tags \
-        "with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0" \
+        "with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0" \
        -o /go/bin/sing-box \
-        -ldflags "-X \"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=$VERSION\" -X 'internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0' -s -w -buildid= -checklinkname=0" \
+        -ldflags "-X \"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=$VERSION\" -s -w -buildid= -checklinkname=0" \
        ./cmd/sing-box
 FROM --platform=$TARGETPLATFORM alpine AS dist
 LABEL maintainer="nekohasekai <contact-git@sekai.icu>"
--- a/Dockerfile.binary
+++ b/Dockerfile.binary
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-FROM alpine
-ARG TARGETARCH
-ARG TARGETVARIANT
-LABEL maintainer="nekohasekai <contact-git@sekai.icu>"
-RUN set -ex \
-    && apk add --no-cache --upgrade bash tzdata ca-certificates nftables
-COPY sing-box-${TARGETARCH}${TARGETVARIANT} /usr/local/bin/sing-box
-ENTRYPOINT ["sing-box"]
--- a/115
+++ b/115
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
 NAME = sing-box
 COMMIT = $(shell git rev-parse --short HEAD)
-TAGS ?= with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,with_ocm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0
+TAGS ?= with_gvisor,with_quic,with_dhcp,with_wireguard,with_utls,with_acme,with_clash_api,with_tailscale,with_ccm,badlinkname,tfogo_checklinkname0

 GOHOSTOS = $(shell go env GOHOSTOS)
 GOHOSTARCH = $(shell go env GOHOSTARCH)
 VERSION=$(shell CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=$(GOHOSTOS) GOARCH=$(GOHOSTARCH) go run github.com/sagernet/sing-box/cmd/internal/read_tag@latest)

-PARAMS = -v -trimpath -ldflags "-X 'github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=$(VERSION)' -X 'internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0' -s -w -buildid= -checklinkname=0"
+PARAMS = -v -trimpath -ldflags "-X 'github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version=$(VERSION)' -s -w -buildid= -checklinkname=0"
 MAIN_PARAMS = $(PARAMS) -tags "$(TAGS)"
 MAIN = ./cmd/sing-box
 PREFIX ?= $(shell go env GOPATH)
-SING_FFI ?= sing-ffi
-LIBBOX_FFI_CONFIG ?= ./experimental/libbox/ffi.json

 .PHONY: test release docs build

@@ -39,11 +37,8 @@ fmt:
 	@gofmt -s -w .
 	@gci write --custom-order -s standard -s "prefix(github.com/sagernet/)" -s "default" .

-fmt_docs:
-	go run ./cmd/internal/format_docs
-
 fmt_install:
-	go install -v mvdan.cc/gofumpt@latest
+	go install -v mvdan.cc/gofumpt@v0.8.0
 	go install -v github.com/daixiang0/gci@latest

 lint:
@@ -54,7 +49,7 @@ lint:
 	GOOS=freebsd golangci-lint run ./...

 lint_install:
-	go install -v github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@latest
+	go install -v github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/v2/cmd/golangci-lint@v2.4.0

 proto:
 	@go run ./cmd/internal/protogen
@@ -91,12 +86,12 @@ update_android_version:
 	go run ./cmd/internal/update_android_version

 build_android:
-	cd ../sing-box-for-android && ./gradlew :app:clean :app:assembleOtherRelease :app:assembleOtherLegacyRelease && ./gradlew --stop
+	cd ../sing-box-for-android && ./gradlew :app:clean :app:assemblePlayRelease :app:assembleOtherRelease && ./gradlew --stop

 upload_android:
 	mkdir -p dist/release_android
-	cp ../sing-box-for-android/app/build/outputs/apk/other/release/*.apk dist/release_android
-	cp ../sing-box-for-android/app/build/outputs/apk/otherLegacy/release/*.apk dist/release_android
+	cp ../sing-box-for-android/app/build/outputs/apk/play/release/*.apk dist/release_android
+	cp ../sing-box-for-android/app/build/outputs/apk/other/release/*-universal.apk dist/release_android
 	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease -p 5 "v${VERSION}" dist/release_android
 	rm -rf dist/release_android

@@ -111,7 +106,7 @@ build_ios:
 	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
 	rm -rf build/SFI.xcarchive && \
 	xcodebuild clean -scheme SFI && \
-	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFI -configuration Release -destination 'generic/platform=iOS' -archivePath build/SFI.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates | xcbeautify | grep -A 10 -e "Archive Succeeded" -e "ARCHIVE FAILED" -e "❌"
+	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFI -configuration Release -destination 'generic/platform=iOS' -archivePath build/SFI.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates

 upload_ios_app_store:
 	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
@@ -132,7 +127,7 @@ release_ios: build_ios upload_ios_app_store
 build_macos:
 	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
 	rm -rf build/SFM.xcarchive && \
-	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFM -configuration Release -archivePath build/SFM.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates | xcbeautify | grep -A 10 -e "Archive Succeeded" -e "ARCHIVE FAILED" -e "❌"
+	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFM -configuration Release -archivePath build/SFM.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates

 upload_macos_app_store:
 	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
@@ -141,50 +136,54 @@ upload_macos_app_store:
 release_macos: build_macos upload_macos_app_store

 build_macos_standalone:
-	$(MAKE) -C ../sing-box-for-apple archive_macos_standalone
+	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
+	rm -rf build/SFM.System.xcarchive && \
+	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFM.System -configuration Release -archivePath build/SFM.System.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates

 build_macos_dmg:
-	$(MAKE) -C ../sing-box-for-apple build_macos_dmg
-
-build_macos_pkg:
-	$(MAKE) -C ../sing-box-for-apple build_macos_pkg
+	rm -rf dist/SFM
+	mkdir -p dist/SFM
+	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
+	rm -rf build/SFM.System && \
+	rm -rf build/SFM.dmg && \
+	xcodebuild -exportArchive \
+		-archivePath "build/SFM.System.xcarchive" \
+		-exportOptionsPlist SFM.System/Export.plist -allowProvisioningUpdates \
+		-exportPath "build/SFM.System" && \
+	create-dmg \
+		--volname "sing-box" \
+		--volicon "build/SFM.System/SFM.app/Contents/Resources/AppIcon.icns" \
+		--icon "SFM.app" 0 0 \
+ 		--hide-extension "SFM.app" \
+ 		--app-drop-link 0 0 \
+ 		--skip-jenkins \
+		"../sing-box/dist/SFM/SFM.dmg" "build/SFM.System/SFM.app"

 notarize_macos_dmg:
-	$(MAKE) -C ../sing-box-for-apple notarize_macos_dmg
-
-notarize_macos_pkg:
-	$(MAKE) -C ../sing-box-for-apple notarize_macos_pkg
+	xcrun notarytool submit "dist/SFM/SFM.dmg" --wait \
+	  --keychain-profile "notarytool-password" \
+  	  --no-s3-acceleration

 upload_macos_dmg:
-	mkdir -p dist/SFM
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM-Apple.dmg "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Apple.dmg"
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM-Intel.dmg "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Intel.dmg"
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM-Universal.dmg "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Universal.dmg"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Apple.dmg"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Intel.dmg"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Universal.dmg"
-
-upload_macos_pkg:
-	mkdir -p dist/SFM
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM-Apple.pkg "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Apple.pkg"
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM-Intel.pkg "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Intel.pkg"
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM-Universal.pkg "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Universal.pkg"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Apple.pkg"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Intel.pkg"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}-Universal.pkg"
+	cd dist/SFM && \
+	cp SFM.dmg "SFM-${VERSION}-universal.dmg" && \
+	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "SFM-${VERSION}-universal.dmg"

 upload_macos_dsyms:
-	mkdir -p dist/SFM
-	cd ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM.System-universal.xcarchive && zip -r SFM.dSYMs.zip dSYMs
-	cp ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM.System-universal.xcarchive/SFM.dSYMs.zip "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}.dSYMs.zip"
-	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "dist/SFM/SFM-${VERSION}.dSYMs.zip"
+	pushd ../sing-box-for-apple/build/SFM.System.xcarchive && \
+	zip -r SFM.dSYMs.zip dSYMs && \
+	mv SFM.dSYMs.zip ../../../sing-box/dist/SFM && \
+	popd && \
+	cd dist/SFM && \
+	cp SFM.dSYMs.zip "SFM-${VERSION}-universal.dSYMs.zip" && \
+	ghr --replace --draft --prerelease "v${VERSION}" "SFM-${VERSION}-universal.dSYMs.zip"

-release_macos_standalone: build_macos_pkg notarize_macos_pkg upload_macos_pkg upload_macos_dsyms
+release_macos_standalone: build_macos_standalone build_macos_dmg notarize_macos_dmg upload_macos_dmg upload_macos_dsyms

 build_tvos:
 	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
 	rm -rf build/SFT.xcarchive && \
-	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFT -configuration Release -archivePath build/SFT.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates | xcbeautify | grep -A 10 -e "Archive Succeeded" -e "ARCHIVE FAILED" -e "❌"
+	xcodebuild archive -scheme SFT -configuration Release -archivePath build/SFT.xcarchive -allowProvisioningUpdates

 upload_tvos_app_store:
 	cd ../sing-box-for-apple && \
@@ -208,12 +207,12 @@ update_apple_version:
 update_macos_version:
 	MACOS_PROJECT_VERSION=$(shell go run -v ./cmd/internal/app_store_connect next_macos_project_version) go run ./cmd/internal/update_apple_version

-release_apple: lib_apple update_apple_version release_ios release_macos release_tvos release_macos_standalone
+release_apple: lib_ios update_apple_version release_ios release_macos release_tvos release_macos_standalone

 release_apple_beta: update_apple_version release_ios release_macos release_tvos

 publish_testflight:
-	go run -v ./cmd/internal/app_store_connect publish_testflight $(filter-out $@,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+	go run -v ./cmd/internal/app_store_connect publish_testflight

 prepare_app_store:
 	go run -v ./cmd/internal/app_store_connect prepare_app_store
@@ -236,21 +235,22 @@ test_stdio:
 lib_android:
 	go run ./cmd/internal/build_libbox -target android

+lib_android_debug:
+	go run ./cmd/internal/build_libbox -target android -debug
+
 lib_apple:
 	go run ./cmd/internal/build_libbox -target apple

-lib_windows:
-	$(SING_FFI) generate --config $(LIBBOX_FFI_CONFIG) --platform-type csharp
+lib_ios:
+	go run ./cmd/internal/build_libbox -target apple -platform ios -debug

-lib_android_new:
-	$(SING_FFI) generate --config $(LIBBOX_FFI_CONFIG) --platform-type android
-
-lib_apple_new:
-	$(SING_FFI) generate --config $(LIBBOX_FFI_CONFIG) --platform-type apple
+lib:
+	go run ./cmd/internal/build_libbox -target android
+	go run ./cmd/internal/build_libbox -target ios

 lib_install:
-	go install -v github.com/sagernet/gomobile/cmd/gomobile@v0.1.11
-	go install -v github.com/sagernet/gomobile/cmd/gobind@v0.1.11
+	go install -v github.com/sagernet/gomobile/cmd/gomobile@v0.1.8
+	go install -v github.com/sagernet/gomobile/cmd/gobind@v0.1.8

 docs:
 	venv/bin/mkdocs serve
@@ -270,6 +270,3 @@ update:
 	git fetch
 	git reset FETCH_HEAD --hard
 	git clean -fdx
-
-%:
-	@:
--- a/adapter/dns.go
+++ b/adapter/dns.go
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ type DNSClient interface {
 	Start()
 	Exchange(ctx context.Context, transport DNSTransport, message *dns.Msg, options DNSQueryOptions, responseChecker func(responseAddrs []netip.Addr) bool) (*dns.Msg, error)
 	Lookup(ctx context.Context, transport DNSTransport, domain string, options DNSQueryOptions, responseChecker func(responseAddrs []netip.Addr) bool) ([]netip.Addr, error)
+	LookupCache(domain string, strategy C.DomainStrategy) ([]netip.Addr, bool)
+	ExchangeCache(ctx context.Context, message *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, bool)
 	ClearCache()
 }

@@ -68,7 +70,6 @@ type DNSTransport interface {
 	Type() string
 	Tag() string
 	Dependencies() []string
-	Reset()
 	Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, error)
 }

--- a/adapter/endpoint/manager.go
+++ b/adapter/endpoint/manager.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/taskmonitor"
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	F "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/format"
 )

 var _ adapter.EndpointManager = (*Manager)(nil)
@@ -48,14 +46,10 @@ func (m *Manager) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	for _, endpoint := range m.endpoints {
-		name := "endpoint/" + endpoint.Type() + "[" + endpoint.Tag() + "]"
-		m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
 		err := adapter.LegacyStart(endpoint, stage)
 		if err != nil {
-			return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+			return E.Cause(err, stage, " endpoint/", endpoint.Type(), "[", endpoint.Tag(), "]")
 		}
-		m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -72,15 +66,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Close() error {
 	monitor := taskmonitor.New(m.logger, C.StopTimeout)
 	var err error
 	for _, endpoint := range endpoints {
-		name := "endpoint/" + endpoint.Type() + "[" + endpoint.Tag() + "]"
-		m.logger.Trace("close ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
-		monitor.Start("close ", name)
+		monitor.Start("close endpoint/", endpoint.Type(), "[", endpoint.Tag(), "]")
 		err = E.Append(err, endpoint.Close(), func(err error) error {
-			return E.Cause(err, "close ", name)
+			return E.Cause(err, "close endpoint/", endpoint.Type(), "[", endpoint.Tag(), "]")
 		})
 		monitor.Finish()
-		m.logger.Trace("close ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -129,15 +119,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Create(ctx context.Context, router adapter.Router, logger log.
 	m.access.Lock()
 	defer m.access.Unlock()
 	if m.started {
-		name := "endpoint/" + endpoint.Type() + "[" + endpoint.Tag() + "]"
 		for _, stage := range adapter.ListStartStages {
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-			startTime := time.Now()
 			err = adapter.LegacyStart(endpoint, stage)
 			if err != nil {
-				return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+				return E.Cause(err, stage, " endpoint/", endpoint.Type(), "[", endpoint.Tag(), "]")
 			}
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 		}
 	}
 	if existsEndpoint, loaded := m.endpointByTag[tag]; loaded {
--- a/adapter/experimental.go
+++ b/adapter/experimental.go
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"io"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/observable"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
 )

@@ -16,7 +14,6 @@ type ClashServer interface {
 	ConnectionTracker
 	Mode() string
 	ModeList() []string
-	SetModeUpdateHook(hook *observable.Subscriber[struct{}])
 	HistoryStorage() URLTestHistoryStorage
 }

@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ type URLTestHistory struct {
 }

 type URLTestHistoryStorage interface {
-	SetHook(hook *observable.Subscriber[struct{}])
+	SetHook(hook chan<- struct{})
 	LoadURLTestHistory(tag string) *URLTestHistory
 	DeleteURLTestHistory(tag string)
 	StoreURLTestHistory(tag string, history *URLTestHistory)
@@ -69,11 +66,7 @@ func (s *SavedBinary) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(&buffer, uint64(len(s.Content)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	_, err = buffer.Write(s.Content)
+	err = varbin.Write(&buffer, binary.BigEndian, s.Content)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -81,11 +74,7 @@ func (s *SavedBinary) MarshalBinary() ([]byte, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(&buffer, uint64(len(s.LastEtag)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	_, err = buffer.WriteString(s.LastEtag)
+	err = varbin.Write(&buffer, binary.BigEndian, s.LastEtag)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -99,12 +88,7 @@ func (s *SavedBinary) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	contentLength, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.Content = make([]byte, contentLength)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, s.Content)
+	err = varbin.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &s.Content)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -114,16 +98,10 @@ func (s *SavedBinary) UnmarshalBinary(data []byte) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	s.LastUpdated = time.Unix(lastUpdated, 0)
-	etagLength, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
+	err = varbin.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &s.LastEtag)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	etagBytes := make([]byte, etagLength)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, etagBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	s.LastEtag = string(etagBytes)
 	return nil
 }

--- a/adapter/inbound.go
+++ b/adapter/inbound.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/process"
 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ type InboundContext struct {
 	DestinationAddresses []netip.Addr
 	SourceGeoIPCode      string
 	GeoIPCode            string
-	ProcessInfo          *ConnectionOwner
+	ProcessInfo          *process.Info
 	QueryType            uint16
 	FakeIP               bool

--- a/adapter/inbound/manager.go
+++ b/adapter/inbound/manager.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/taskmonitor"
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	F "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/format"
 )

 var _ adapter.InboundManager = (*Manager)(nil)
@@ -47,14 +45,10 @@ func (m *Manager) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 	inbounds := m.inbounds
 	m.access.Unlock()
 	for _, inbound := range inbounds {
-		name := "inbound/" + inbound.Type() + "[" + inbound.Tag() + "]"
-		m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
 		err := adapter.LegacyStart(inbound, stage)
 		if err != nil {
-			return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+			return E.Cause(err, stage, " inbound/", inbound.Type(), "[", inbound.Tag(), "]")
 		}
-		m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -71,15 +65,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Close() error {
 	monitor := taskmonitor.New(m.logger, C.StopTimeout)
 	var err error
 	for _, inbound := range inbounds {
-		name := "inbound/" + inbound.Type() + "[" + inbound.Tag() + "]"
-		m.logger.Trace("close ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
-		monitor.Start("close ", name)
+		monitor.Start("close inbound/", inbound.Type(), "[", inbound.Tag(), "]")
 		err = E.Append(err, inbound.Close(), func(err error) error {
-			return E.Cause(err, "close ", name)
+			return E.Cause(err, "close inbound/", inbound.Type(), "[", inbound.Tag(), "]")
 		})
 		monitor.Finish()
-		m.logger.Trace("close ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -131,15 +121,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Create(ctx context.Context, router adapter.Router, logger log.
 	m.access.Lock()
 	defer m.access.Unlock()
 	if m.started {
-		name := "inbound/" + inbound.Type() + "[" + inbound.Tag() + "]"
 		for _, stage := range adapter.ListStartStages {
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-			startTime := time.Now()
 			err = adapter.LegacyStart(inbound, stage)
 			if err != nil {
-				return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+				return E.Cause(err, stage, " inbound/", inbound.Type(), "[", inbound.Tag(), "]")
 			}
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 		}
 	}
 	if existsInbound, loaded := m.inboundByTag[tag]; loaded {
--- a/adapter/lifecycle.go
+++ b/adapter/lifecycle.go
@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
 package adapter

-import (
-	"reflect"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
-	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	F "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/format"
-)
+import E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"

 type SimpleLifecycle interface {
 	Start() error
@@ -56,47 +48,22 @@ type LifecycleService interface {
 	Lifecycle
 }

-func getServiceName(service any) string {
-	if named, ok := service.(interface {
-		Type() string
-		Tag() string
-	}); ok {
-		tag := named.Tag()
-		if tag != "" {
-			return named.Type() + "[" + tag + "]"
-		}
-		return named.Type()
-	}
-	t := reflect.TypeOf(service)
-	if t.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-		t = t.Elem()
-	}
-	return strings.ToLower(t.Name())
-}
-
-func Start(logger log.ContextLogger, stage StartStage, services ...Lifecycle) error {
+func Start(stage StartStage, services ...Lifecycle) error {
 	for _, service := range services {
-		name := getServiceName(service)
-		logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
 		err := service.Start(stage)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }

-func StartNamed(logger log.ContextLogger, stage StartStage, services []LifecycleService) error {
+func StartNamed(stage StartStage, services []LifecycleService) error {
 	for _, service := range services {
-		logger.Trace(stage, " ", service.Name())
-		startTime := time.Now()
 		err := service.Start(stage)
 		if err != nil {
 			return E.Cause(err, stage.String(), " ", service.Name())
 		}
-		logger.Trace(stage, " ", service.Name(), " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
--- a/adapter/outbound/manager.go
+++ b/adapter/outbound/manager.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/taskmonitor"
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	F "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/format"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
 )

@@ -83,14 +81,10 @@ func (m *Manager) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 		outbounds := m.outbounds
 		m.access.Unlock()
 		for _, outbound := range outbounds {
-			name := "outbound/" + outbound.Type() + "[" + outbound.Tag() + "]"
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-			startTime := time.Now()
 			err := adapter.LegacyStart(outbound, stage)
 			if err != nil {
-				return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+				return E.Cause(err, stage, " outbound/", outbound.Type(), "[", outbound.Tag(), "]")
 			}
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -115,29 +109,22 @@ func (m *Manager) startOutbounds(outbounds []adapter.Outbound) error {
 			}
 			started[outboundTag] = true
 			canContinue = true
-			name := "outbound/" + outboundToStart.Type() + "[" + outboundTag + "]"
 			if starter, isStarter := outboundToStart.(adapter.Lifecycle); isStarter {
-				m.logger.Trace("start ", name)
-				startTime := time.Now()
-				monitor.Start("start ", name)
+				monitor.Start("start outbound/", outboundToStart.Type(), "[", outboundTag, "]")
 				err := starter.Start(adapter.StartStateStart)
 				monitor.Finish()
 				if err != nil {
-					return E.Cause(err, "start ", name)
+					return E.Cause(err, "start outbound/", outboundToStart.Type(), "[", outboundTag, "]")
 				}
-				m.logger.Trace("start ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 			} else if starter, isStarter := outboundToStart.(interface {
 				Start() error
 			}); isStarter {
-				m.logger.Trace("start ", name)
-				startTime := time.Now()
-				monitor.Start("start ", name)
+				monitor.Start("start outbound/", outboundToStart.Type(), "[", outboundTag, "]")
 				err := starter.Start()
 				monitor.Finish()
 				if err != nil {
-					return E.Cause(err, "start ", name)
+					return E.Cause(err, "start outbound/", outboundToStart.Type(), "[", outboundTag, "]")
 				}
-				m.logger.Trace("start ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 			}
 		}
 		if len(started) == len(outbounds) {
@@ -184,15 +171,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Close() error {
 	var err error
 	for _, outbound := range outbounds {
 		if closer, isCloser := outbound.(io.Closer); isCloser {
-			name := "outbound/" + outbound.Type() + "[" + outbound.Tag() + "]"
-			m.logger.Trace("close ", name)
-			startTime := time.Now()
-			monitor.Start("close ", name)
+			monitor.Start("close outbound/", outbound.Type(), "[", outbound.Tag(), "]")
 			err = E.Append(err, closer.Close(), func(err error) error {
-				return E.Cause(err, "close ", name)
+				return E.Cause(err, "close outbound/", outbound.Type(), "[", outbound.Tag(), "]")
 			})
 			monitor.Finish()
-			m.logger.Trace("close ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -273,15 +256,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Create(ctx context.Context, router adapter.Router, logger log.
 		return err
 	}
 	if m.started {
-		name := "outbound/" + outbound.Type() + "[" + outbound.Tag() + "]"
 		for _, stage := range adapter.ListStartStages {
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-			startTime := time.Now()
 			err = adapter.LegacyStart(outbound, stage)
 			if err != nil {
-				return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+				return E.Cause(err, stage, " outbound/", outbound.Type(), "[", outbound.Tag(), "]")
 			}
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 		}
 	}
 	m.access.Lock()
--- a/adapter/platform.go
+++ b/adapter/platform.go
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-package adapter
-
-import (
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-tun"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
-)
-
-type PlatformInterface interface {
-	Initialize(networkManager NetworkManager) error
-
-	UsePlatformAutoDetectInterfaceControl() bool
-	AutoDetectInterfaceControl(fd int) error
-
-	UsePlatformInterface() bool
-	OpenInterface(options *tun.Options, platformOptions option.TunPlatformOptions) (tun.Tun, error)
-
-	UsePlatformDefaultInterfaceMonitor() bool
-	CreateDefaultInterfaceMonitor(logger logger.Logger) tun.DefaultInterfaceMonitor
-
-	UsePlatformNetworkInterfaces() bool
-	NetworkInterfaces() ([]NetworkInterface, error)
-
-	UnderNetworkExtension() bool
-	NetworkExtensionIncludeAllNetworks() bool
-
-	ClearDNSCache()
-	RequestPermissionForWIFIState() error
-	ReadWIFIState() WIFIState
-	SystemCertificates() []string
-
-	UsePlatformConnectionOwnerFinder() bool
-	FindConnectionOwner(request *FindConnectionOwnerRequest) (*ConnectionOwner, error)
-
-	UsePlatformWIFIMonitor() bool
-
-	UsePlatformNotification() bool
-	SendNotification(notification *Notification) error
-}
-
-type FindConnectionOwnerRequest struct {
-	IpProtocol         int32
-	SourceAddress      string
-	SourcePort         int32
-	DestinationAddress string
-	DestinationPort    int32
-}
-
-type ConnectionOwner struct {
-	ProcessID          uint32
-	UserId             int32
-	UserName           string
-	ProcessPath        string
-	AndroidPackageName string
-}
-
-type Notification struct {
-	Identifier string
-	TypeName   string
-	TypeID     int32
-	Title      string
-	Subtitle   string
-	Body       string
-	OpenURL    string
-}
-
-type SystemProxyStatus struct {
-	Available bool
-	Enabled   bool
-}
--- a/adapter/router.go
+++ b/adapter/router.go
@@ -21,11 +21,10 @@ import (
 type Router interface {
 	Lifecycle
 	ConnectionRouter
-	PreMatch(metadata InboundContext, context tun.DirectRouteContext, timeout time.Duration, supportBypass bool) (tun.DirectRouteDestination, error)
+	PreMatch(metadata InboundContext, context tun.DirectRouteContext, timeout time.Duration) (tun.DirectRouteDestination, error)
 	ConnectionRouterEx
 	RuleSet(tag string) (RuleSet, bool)
 	Rules() []Rule
-	NeedFindProcess() bool
 	AppendTracker(tracker ConnectionTracker)
 	ResetNetwork()
 }
--- a/adapter/service/manager.go
+++ b/adapter/service/manager.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/taskmonitor"
@@ -12,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	F "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/format"
 )

 var _ adapter.ServiceManager = (*Manager)(nil)
@@ -45,14 +43,10 @@ func (m *Manager) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 	services := m.services
 	m.access.Unlock()
 	for _, service := range services {
-		name := "service/" + service.Type() + "[" + service.Tag() + "]"
-		m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
 		err := adapter.LegacyStart(service, stage)
 		if err != nil {
-			return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+			return E.Cause(err, stage, " service/", service.Type(), "[", service.Tag(), "]")
 		}
-		m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -69,15 +63,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Close() error {
 	monitor := taskmonitor.New(m.logger, C.StopTimeout)
 	var err error
 	for _, service := range services {
-		name := "service/" + service.Type() + "[" + service.Tag() + "]"
-		m.logger.Trace("close ", name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
-		monitor.Start("close ", name)
+		monitor.Start("close service/", service.Type(), "[", service.Tag(), "]")
 		err = E.Append(err, service.Close(), func(err error) error {
-			return E.Cause(err, "close ", name)
+			return E.Cause(err, "close service/", service.Type(), "[", service.Tag(), "]")
 		})
 		monitor.Finish()
-		m.logger.Trace("close ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -126,15 +116,11 @@ func (m *Manager) Create(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag stri
 	m.access.Lock()
 	defer m.access.Unlock()
 	if m.started {
-		name := "service/" + service.Type() + "[" + service.Tag() + "]"
 		for _, stage := range adapter.ListStartStages {
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name)
-			startTime := time.Now()
 			err = adapter.LegacyStart(service, stage)
 			if err != nil {
-				return E.Cause(err, stage, " ", name)
+				return E.Cause(err, stage, " service/", service.Type(), "[", service.Tag(), "]")
 			}
-			m.logger.Trace(stage, " ", name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 		}
 	}
 	if existsService, loaded := m.serviceByTag[tag]; loaded {
--- a/box.go
+++ b/box.go
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/dns/transport/local"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/cachefile"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/libbox/platform"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/protocol/direct"
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ func New(options Options) (*Box, error) {
 	if experimentalOptions.V2RayAPI != nil && experimentalOptions.V2RayAPI.Listen != "" {
 		needV2RayAPI = true
 	}
-	platformInterface := service.FromContext[adapter.PlatformInterface](ctx)
+	platformInterface := service.FromContext[platform.Interface](ctx)
 	var defaultLogWriter io.Writer
 	if platformInterface != nil {
 		defaultLogWriter = io.Discard
@@ -443,15 +444,15 @@ func (s *Box) preStart() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return E.Cause(err, "start logger")
 	}
-	err = adapter.StartNamed(s.logger, adapter.StartStateInitialize, s.internalService) // cache-file clash-api v2ray-api
+	err = adapter.StartNamed(adapter.StartStateInitialize, s.internalService) // cache-file clash-api v2ray-api
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.Start(s.logger, adapter.StartStateInitialize, s.network, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.connection, s.router, s.outbound, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
+	err = adapter.Start(adapter.StartStateInitialize, s.network, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.connection, s.router, s.outbound, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.Start(s.logger, adapter.StartStateStart, s.outbound, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.network, s.connection, s.router)
+	err = adapter.Start(adapter.StartStateStart, s.outbound, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.network, s.connection, s.router)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -463,27 +464,27 @@ func (s *Box) start() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.StartNamed(s.logger, adapter.StartStateStart, s.internalService)
+	err = adapter.StartNamed(adapter.StartStateStart, s.internalService)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.Start(s.logger, adapter.StartStateStart, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
+	err = adapter.Start(adapter.StartStateStart, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.Start(s.logger, adapter.StartStatePostStart, s.outbound, s.network, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.connection, s.router, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
+	err = adapter.Start(adapter.StartStatePostStart, s.outbound, s.network, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.connection, s.router, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.StartNamed(s.logger, adapter.StartStatePostStart, s.internalService)
+	err = adapter.StartNamed(adapter.StartStatePostStart, s.internalService)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.Start(s.logger, adapter.StartStateStarted, s.network, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.connection, s.router, s.outbound, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
+	err = adapter.Start(adapter.StartStateStarted, s.network, s.dnsTransport, s.dnsRouter, s.connection, s.router, s.outbound, s.inbound, s.endpoint, s.service)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	err = adapter.StartNamed(s.logger, adapter.StartStateStarted, s.internalService)
+	err = adapter.StartNamed(adapter.StartStateStarted, s.internalService)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -497,42 +498,17 @@ func (s *Box) Close() error {
 	default:
 		close(s.done)
 	}
-	var err error
-	for _, closeItem := range []struct {
-		name    string
-		service adapter.Lifecycle
-	}{
-		{"service", s.service},
-		{"endpoint", s.endpoint},
-		{"inbound", s.inbound},
-		{"outbound", s.outbound},
-		{"router", s.router},
-		{"connection", s.connection},
-		{"dns-router", s.dnsRouter},
-		{"dns-transport", s.dnsTransport},
-		{"network", s.network},
-	} {
-		s.logger.Trace("close ", closeItem.name)
-		startTime := time.Now()
-		err = E.Append(err, closeItem.service.Close(), func(err error) error {
-			return E.Cause(err, "close ", closeItem.name)
-		})
-		s.logger.Trace("close ", closeItem.name, " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
-	}
+	err := common.Close(
+		s.service, s.endpoint, s.inbound, s.outbound, s.router, s.connection, s.dnsRouter, s.dnsTransport, s.network,
+	)
 	for _, lifecycleService := range s.internalService {
-		s.logger.Trace("close ", lifecycleService.Name())
-		startTime := time.Now()
 		err = E.Append(err, lifecycleService.Close(), func(err error) error {
 			return E.Cause(err, "close ", lifecycleService.Name())
 		})
-		s.logger.Trace("close ", lifecycleService.Name(), " completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	}
-	s.logger.Trace("close logger")
-	startTime := time.Now()
 	err = E.Append(err, s.logFactory.Close(), func(err error) error {
 		return E.Cause(err, "close logger")
 	})
-	s.logger.Trace("close logger completed (", F.Seconds(time.Since(startTime).Seconds()), "s)")
 	return err
 }

@@ -551,7 +527,3 @@ func (s *Box) Inbound() adapter.InboundManager {
 func (s *Box) Outbound() adapter.OutboundManager {
 	return s.outbound
 }
-
-func (s *Box) LogFactory() log.Factory {
-	return s.logFactory
-}
--- a/clients/android
+++ b/clients/android
--- a/clients/apple
+++ b/clients/apple
--- a/cmd/internal/app_store_connect/main.go
+++ b/cmd/internal/app_store_connect/main.go
@@ -100,32 +100,11 @@ findVersion:
 }

 func publishTestflight(ctx context.Context) error {
-	if len(os.Args) < 3 {
-		return E.New("platform required: ios, macos, or tvos")
-	}
-	var platform asc.Platform
-	switch os.Args[2] {
-	case "ios":
-		platform = asc.PlatformIOS
-	case "macos":
-		platform = asc.PlatformMACOS
-	case "tvos":
-		platform = asc.PlatformTVOS
-	default:
-		return E.New("unknown platform: ", os.Args[2])
-	}
-
 	tagVersion, err := build_shared.ReadTagVersion()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	tag := tagVersion.VersionString()
-
-	releaseNotes := F.ToString("sing-box ", tagVersion.String())
-	if len(os.Args) >= 4 {
-		releaseNotes = strings.Join(os.Args[3:], " ")
-	}
-
 	client := createClient(20 * time.Minute)

 	log.Info(tag, " list build IDs")
@@ -136,76 +115,97 @@ func publishTestflight(ctx context.Context) error {
 	buildIDs := common.Map(buildIDsResponse.Data, func(it asc.RelationshipData) string {
 		return it.ID
 	})
-
+	var platforms []asc.Platform
+	if len(os.Args) == 3 {
+		switch os.Args[2] {
+		case "ios":
+			platforms = []asc.Platform{asc.PlatformIOS}
+		case "macos":
+			platforms = []asc.Platform{asc.PlatformMACOS}
+		case "tvos":
+			platforms = []asc.Platform{asc.PlatformTVOS}
+		default:
+			return E.New("unknown platform: ", os.Args[2])
+		}
+	} else {
+		platforms = []asc.Platform{
+			asc.PlatformIOS,
+			asc.PlatformMACOS,
+			asc.PlatformTVOS,
+		}
+	}
 	waitingForProcess := false
-	log.Info(string(platform), " list builds")
-	for {
-		builds, _, err := client.Builds.ListBuilds(ctx, &asc.ListBuildsQuery{
-			FilterApp:                       []string{appID},
-			FilterPreReleaseVersionPlatform: []string{string(platform)},
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		build := builds.Data[0]
-		log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " found build: ", build.ID, " (", *build.Attributes.Version, ")")
-		if !waitingForProcess && (common.Contains(buildIDs, build.ID) || time.Since(build.Attributes.UploadedDate.Time) > 30*time.Minute) {
-			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " waiting for process")
-			time.Sleep(15 * time.Second)
-			continue
-		}
-		if *build.Attributes.ProcessingState != "VALID" {
-			waitingForProcess = true
-			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " waiting for process: ", *build.Attributes.ProcessingState)
-			time.Sleep(15 * time.Second)
-			continue
-		}
-		log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " list localizations")
-		localizations, _, err := client.TestFlight.ListBetaBuildLocalizationsForBuild(ctx, build.ID, nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		localization := common.Find(localizations.Data, func(it asc.BetaBuildLocalization) bool {
-			return *it.Attributes.Locale == "en-US"
-		})
-		if localization.ID == "" {
-			log.Fatal(string(platform), " ", tag, " no en-US localization found")
-		}
-		if localization.Attributes == nil || localization.Attributes.WhatsNew == nil || *localization.Attributes.WhatsNew == "" {
-			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " update localization")
-			_, _, err = client.TestFlight.UpdateBetaBuildLocalization(ctx, localization.ID, common.Ptr(releaseNotes))
+	for _, platform := range platforms {
+		log.Info(string(platform), " list builds")
+		for {
+			builds, _, err := client.Builds.ListBuilds(ctx, &asc.ListBuildsQuery{
+				FilterApp:                       []string{appID},
+				FilterPreReleaseVersionPlatform: []string{string(platform)},
+			})
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-		}
-		log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " publish")
-		response, err := client.TestFlight.AddBuildsToBetaGroup(ctx, groupID, []string{build.ID})
-		if response != nil && (response.StatusCode == http.StatusUnprocessableEntity || response.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound) {
-			log.Info("waiting for process")
-			time.Sleep(15 * time.Second)
-			continue
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " list submissions")
-		betaSubmissions, _, err := client.TestFlight.ListBetaAppReviewSubmissions(ctx, &asc.ListBetaAppReviewSubmissionsQuery{
-			FilterBuild: []string{build.ID},
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if len(betaSubmissions.Data) == 0 {
-			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " create submission")
-			_, _, err = client.TestFlight.CreateBetaAppReviewSubmission(ctx, build.ID)
+			build := builds.Data[0]
+			if !waitingForProcess && (common.Contains(buildIDs, build.ID) || time.Since(build.Attributes.UploadedDate.Time) > 30*time.Minute) {
+				log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " waiting for process")
+				time.Sleep(15 * time.Second)
+				continue
+			}
+			if *build.Attributes.ProcessingState != "VALID" {
+				waitingForProcess = true
+				log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " waiting for process: ", *build.Attributes.ProcessingState)
+				time.Sleep(15 * time.Second)
+				continue
+			}
+			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " list localizations")
+			localizations, _, err := client.TestFlight.ListBetaBuildLocalizationsForBuild(ctx, build.ID, nil)
 			if err != nil {
-				if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "ANOTHER_BUILD_IN_REVIEW") {
-					log.Error(err)
-					break
+				return err
+			}
+			localization := common.Find(localizations.Data, func(it asc.BetaBuildLocalization) bool {
+				return *it.Attributes.Locale == "en-US"
+			})
+			if localization.ID == "" {
+				log.Fatal(string(platform), " ", tag, " no en-US localization found")
+			}
+			if localization.Attributes == nil || localization.Attributes.WhatsNew == nil || *localization.Attributes.WhatsNew == "" {
+				log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " update localization")
+				_, _, err = client.TestFlight.UpdateBetaBuildLocalization(ctx, localization.ID, common.Ptr(
+					F.ToString("sing-box ", tagVersion.String()),
+				))
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
 				}
+			}
+			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " publish")
+			response, err := client.TestFlight.AddBuildsToBetaGroup(ctx, groupID, []string{build.ID})
+			if response != nil && (response.StatusCode == http.StatusUnprocessableEntity || response.StatusCode == http.StatusNotFound) {
+				log.Info("waiting for process")
+				time.Sleep(15 * time.Second)
+				continue
+			} else if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
+			log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " list submissions")
+			betaSubmissions, _, err := client.TestFlight.ListBetaAppReviewSubmissions(ctx, &asc.ListBetaAppReviewSubmissionsQuery{
+				FilterBuild: []string{build.ID},
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if len(betaSubmissions.Data) == 0 {
+				log.Info(string(platform), " ", tag, " create submission")
+				_, _, err = client.TestFlight.CreateBetaAppReviewSubmission(ctx, build.ID)
+				if err != nil {
+					if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "ANOTHER_BUILD_IN_REVIEW") {
+						log.Error(err)
+						break
+					}
+					return err
+				}
+			}
+			break
 		}
-		break
 	}
 	return nil
 }
--- a/cmd/internal/build_libbox/main.go
+++ b/cmd/internal/build_libbox/main.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"

 	_ "github.com/sagernet/gomobile"
@@ -17,17 +16,17 @@ import (
 )

 var (
-	debugEnabled bool
-	target       string
-	platform     string
-	// withTailscale bool
+	debugEnabled  bool
+	target        string
+	platform      string
+	withTailscale bool
 )

 func init() {
 	flag.BoolVar(&debugEnabled, "debug", false, "enable debug")
 	flag.StringVar(&target, "target", "android", "target platform")
 	flag.StringVar(&platform, "platform", "", "specify platform")
-	// flag.BoolVar(&withTailscale, "with-tailscale", false, "build tailscale for iOS and tvOS")
+	flag.BoolVar(&withTailscale, "with-tailscale", false, "build tailscale for iOS and tvOS")
 }

 func main() {
@@ -47,8 +46,8 @@ var (
 	sharedFlags []string
 	debugFlags  []string
 	sharedTags  []string
-	darwinTags  []string
-	// memcTags    []string
+	macOSTags   []string
+	memcTags    []string
 	notMemcTags []string
 	debugTags   []string
 )
@@ -60,38 +59,19 @@ func init() {
 	if err != nil {
 		currentTag = "unknown"
 	}
-	sharedFlags = append(sharedFlags, "-ldflags", "-X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version="+currentTag+" -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -s -w -buildid=  -checklinkname=0")
-	debugFlags = append(debugFlags, "-ldflags", "-X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version="+currentTag+" -X internal/godebug.defaultGODEBUG=multipathtcp=0 -checklinkname=0")
+	sharedFlags = append(sharedFlags, "-ldflags", "-X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version="+currentTag+" -s -w -buildid=  -checklinkname=0")
+	debugFlags = append(debugFlags, "-ldflags", "-X github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant.Version="+currentTag+" -checklinkname=0")

-	sharedTags = append(sharedTags, "with_gvisor", "with_quic", "with_wireguard", "with_utls", "with_naive_outbound", "with_clash_api", "with_conntrack", "badlinkname", "tfogo_checklinkname0")
-	darwinTags = append(darwinTags, "with_dhcp", "grpcnotrace")
-	// memcTags = append(memcTags, "with_tailscale")
-	sharedTags = append(sharedTags, "with_tailscale", "ts_omit_logtail", "ts_omit_ssh", "ts_omit_drive", "ts_omit_taildrop", "ts_omit_webclient", "ts_omit_doctor", "ts_omit_capture", "ts_omit_kube", "ts_omit_aws", "ts_omit_synology", "ts_omit_bird")
+	sharedTags = append(sharedTags, "with_gvisor", "with_quic", "with_wireguard", "with_utls", "with_clash_api", "with_conntrack", "badlinkname", "tfogo_checklinkname0")
+	macOSTags = append(macOSTags, "with_dhcp")
+	memcTags = append(memcTags, "with_tailscale")
 	notMemcTags = append(notMemcTags, "with_low_memory")
 	debugTags = append(debugTags, "debug")
 }

-type AndroidBuildConfig struct {
-	AndroidAPI int
-	OutputName string
-	Tags       []string
-}
+func buildAndroid() {
+	build_shared.FindSDK()

-func filterTags(tags []string, exclude ...string) []string {
-	excludeMap := make(map[string]bool)
-	for _, tag := range exclude {
-		excludeMap[tag] = true
-	}
-	var result []string
-	for _, tag := range tags {
-		if !excludeMap[tag] {
-			result = append(result, tag)
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func checkJavaVersion() {
 	var javaPath string
 	javaHome := os.Getenv("JAVA_HOME")
 	if javaHome == "" {
@@ -107,24 +87,21 @@ func checkJavaVersion() {
 	if !strings.Contains(javaVersion, "openjdk 17") {
 		log.Fatal("java version should be openjdk 17")
 	}
-}

-func getAndroidBindTarget() string {
+	var bindTarget string
 	if platform != "" {
-		return platform
+		bindTarget = platform
 	} else if debugEnabled {
-		return "android/arm64"
+		bindTarget = "android/arm64"
+	} else {
+		bindTarget = "android"
 	}
-	return "android"
-}

-func buildAndroidVariant(config AndroidBuildConfig, bindTarget string) {
 	args := []string{
 		"bind",
 		"-v",
-		"-o", config.OutputName,
 		"-target", bindTarget,
-		"-androidapi", strconv.Itoa(config.AndroidAPI),
+		"-androidapi", "21",
 		"-javapkg=io.nekohasekai",
 		"-libname=box",
 	}
@@ -135,59 +112,34 @@ func buildAndroidVariant(config AndroidBuildConfig, bindTarget string) {
 		args = append(args, debugFlags...)
 	}

-	args = append(args, "-tags", strings.Join(config.Tags, ","))
+	tags := append(sharedTags, memcTags...)
+	if debugEnabled {
+		tags = append(tags, debugTags...)
+	}
+
+	args = append(args, "-tags", strings.Join(tags, ","))
 	args = append(args, "./experimental/libbox")

 	command := exec.Command(build_shared.GoBinPath+"/gomobile", args...)
 	command.Stdout = os.Stdout
 	command.Stderr = os.Stderr
-	err := command.Run()
+	err = command.Run()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Fatal(err)
 	}

+	const name = "libbox.aar"
 	copyPath := filepath.Join("..", "sing-box-for-android", "app", "libs")
 	if rw.IsDir(copyPath) {
 		copyPath, _ = filepath.Abs(copyPath)
-		err = rw.CopyFile(config.OutputName, filepath.Join(copyPath, config.OutputName))
+		err = rw.CopyFile(name, filepath.Join(copyPath, name))
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		log.Info("copied ", config.OutputName, " to ", copyPath)
+		log.Info("copied to ", copyPath)
 	}
 }

-func buildAndroid() {
-	build_shared.FindSDK()
-	checkJavaVersion()
-
-	bindTarget := getAndroidBindTarget()
-
-	// Build main variant (SDK 23)
-	mainTags := append([]string{}, sharedTags...)
-	// mainTags = append(mainTags, memcTags...)
-	if debugEnabled {
-		mainTags = append(mainTags, debugTags...)
-	}
-	buildAndroidVariant(AndroidBuildConfig{
-		AndroidAPI: 23,
-		OutputName: "libbox.aar",
-		Tags:       mainTags,
-	}, bindTarget)
-
-	// Build legacy variant (SDK 21, no naive outbound)
-	legacyTags := filterTags(sharedTags, "with_naive_outbound")
-	// legacyTags = append(legacyTags, memcTags...)
-	if debugEnabled {
-		legacyTags = append(legacyTags, debugTags...)
-	}
-	buildAndroidVariant(AndroidBuildConfig{
-		AndroidAPI: 21,
-		OutputName: "libbox-legacy.aar",
-		Tags:       legacyTags,
-	}, bindTarget)
-}
-
 func buildApple() {
 	var bindTarget string
 	if platform != "" {
@@ -195,7 +147,7 @@ func buildApple() {
 	} else if debugEnabled {
 		bindTarget = "ios"
 	} else {
-		bindTarget = "ios,iossimulator,tvos,tvossimulator,macos"
+		bindTarget = "ios,tvos,macos"
 	}

 	args := []string{
@@ -205,9 +157,11 @@ func buildApple() {
 		"-libname=box",
 		"-tags-not-macos=with_low_memory",
 	}
-	//if !withTailscale {
-	//	args = append(args, "-tags-macos="+strings.Join(memcTags, ","))
-	//}
+	if !withTailscale {
+		args = append(args, "-tags-macos="+strings.Join(append(macOSTags, memcTags...), ","))
+	} else {
+		args = append(args, "-tags-macos="+strings.Join(macOSTags, ","))
+	}

 	if !debugEnabled {
 		args = append(args, sharedFlags...)
@@ -215,10 +169,10 @@ func buildApple() {
 		args = append(args, debugFlags...)
 	}

-	tags := append(sharedTags, darwinTags...)
-	//if withTailscale {
-	//	tags = append(tags, memcTags...)
-	//}
+	tags := sharedTags
+	if withTailscale {
+		tags = append(tags, memcTags...)
+	}
 	if debugEnabled {
 		tags = append(tags, debugTags...)
 	}
--- a/cmd/internal/format_docs/main.go
+++ b/cmd/internal/format_docs/main.go
@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-package main
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"strings"
-
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
-)
-
-func main() {
-	err := filepath.Walk("docs", func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if info.IsDir() {
-			return nil
-		}
-		if !strings.HasSuffix(path, ".md") {
-			return nil
-		}
-		return processFile(path)
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Fatal(err)
-	}
-}
-
-func processFile(path string) error {
-	content, err := os.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	lines := strings.Split(string(content), "\n")
-	modified := false
-	result := make([]string, 0, len(lines))
-
-	inQuoteBlock := false
-	materialLines := []int{} // indices of :material- lines in the block
-
-	for _, line := range lines {
-		// Check for quote block start
-		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "!!! quote \"") && strings.Contains(line, "sing-box") {
-			inQuoteBlock = true
-			materialLines = nil
-			result = append(result, line)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		// Inside a quote block
-		if inQuoteBlock {
-			trimmed := strings.TrimPrefix(line, "    ")
-			isMaterialLine := strings.HasPrefix(trimmed, ":material-")
-			isEmpty := strings.TrimSpace(line) == ""
-			isIndented := strings.HasPrefix(line, "    ")
-
-			if isMaterialLine {
-				materialLines = append(materialLines, len(result))
-				result = append(result, line)
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// Block ends when:
-			// - Empty line AFTER we've seen material lines, OR
-			// - Non-indented, non-empty line
-			blockEnds := (isEmpty && len(materialLines) > 0) || (!isEmpty && !isIndented)
-			if blockEnds {
-				// Process collected material lines
-				if len(materialLines) > 0 {
-					for j, idx := range materialLines {
-						isLast := j == len(materialLines)-1
-						resultLine := strings.TrimRight(result[idx], " ")
-						if !isLast {
-							// Add trailing two spaces for non-last lines
-							resultLine += "  "
-						}
-						if result[idx] != resultLine {
-							modified = true
-							result[idx] = resultLine
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				inQuoteBlock = false
-				materialLines = nil
-			}
-		}
-
-		result = append(result, line)
-	}
-
-	// Handle case where file ends while still in a block
-	if inQuoteBlock && len(materialLines) > 0 {
-		for j, idx := range materialLines {
-			isLast := j == len(materialLines)-1
-			resultLine := strings.TrimRight(result[idx], " ")
-			if !isLast {
-				resultLine += "  "
-			}
-			if result[idx] != resultLine {
-				modified = true
-				result[idx] = resultLine
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if modified {
-		newContent := strings.Join(result, "\n")
-		if !bytes.Equal(content, []byte(newContent)) {
-			log.Info("formatted: ", path)
-			return os.WriteFile(path, []byte(newContent), 0o644)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/cmd/internal/update_apple_version/main.go
+++ b/cmd/internal/update_apple_version/main.go
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ func findAndReplace(objectsMap map[string]any, projectContent string, bundleIDLi
 		indexEnd := indexStart + strings.Index(projectContent[indexStart:], "}")
 		versionStart := indexStart + strings.Index(projectContent[indexStart:indexEnd], "MARKETING_VERSION = ") + 20
 		versionEnd := versionStart + strings.Index(projectContent[versionStart:indexEnd], ";")
-		version := strings.Trim(projectContent[versionStart:versionEnd], "\"")
+		version := projectContent[versionStart:versionEnd]
 		if version == newVersion {
 			continue
 		}
 		updated = true
-		projectContent = projectContent[:versionStart] + "\"" + newVersion + "\"" + projectContent[versionEnd:]
+		projectContent = projectContent[:versionStart] + newVersion + projectContent[versionEnd:]
 	}
 	return projectContent, updated
 }
--- a/cmd/internal/update_certificates/main.go
+++ b/cmd/internal/update_certificates/main.go
@@ -17,10 +17,6 @@ func main() {
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error(err)
 	}
-	err = updateChromeIncludedRootCAs()
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error(err)
-	}
 }

 func updateMozillaIncludedRootCAs() error {
@@ -73,94 +69,3 @@ func init() {
 	generated.WriteString("}\n")
 	return os.WriteFile("common/certificate/mozilla.go", []byte(generated.String()), 0o644)
 }
-
-func fetchChinaFingerprints() (map[string]bool, error) {
-	response, err := http.Get("https://ccadb.my.salesforce-sites.com/ccadb/AllCertificateRecordsCSVFormatv4")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer response.Body.Close()
-	reader := csv.NewReader(response.Body)
-	header, err := reader.Read()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	countryIndex := slices.Index(header, "Country")
-	fingerprintIndex := slices.Index(header, "SHA-256 Fingerprint")
-
-	chinaFingerprints := make(map[string]bool)
-	for {
-		record, err := reader.Read()
-		if err == io.EOF {
-			break
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if record[countryIndex] == "China" {
-			chinaFingerprints[record[fingerprintIndex]] = true
-		}
-	}
-	return chinaFingerprints, nil
-}
-
-func updateChromeIncludedRootCAs() error {
-	chinaFingerprints, err := fetchChinaFingerprints()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	response, err := http.Get("https://ccadb.my.salesforce-sites.com/ccadb/RootCACertificatesIncludedByRSReportCSV")
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer response.Body.Close()
-	reader := csv.NewReader(response.Body)
-	header, err := reader.Read()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	subjectIndex := slices.Index(header, "Subject")
-	statusIndex := slices.Index(header, "Google Chrome Status")
-	certIndex := slices.Index(header, "X.509 Certificate (PEM)")
-	fingerprintIndex := slices.Index(header, "SHA-256 Fingerprint")
-
-	generated := strings.Builder{}
-	generated.WriteString(`// Code generated by 'make update_certificates'. DO NOT EDIT.
-
-package certificate
-
-import "crypto/x509"
-
-var chromeIncluded *x509.CertPool
-
-func init() {
-	chromeIncluded = x509.NewCertPool()
-`)
-	for {
-		record, err := reader.Read()
-		if err == io.EOF {
-			break
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if record[statusIndex] != "Included" {
-			continue
-		}
-		if chinaFingerprints[record[fingerprintIndex]] {
-			continue
-		}
-		generated.WriteString("\n	// ")
-		generated.WriteString(record[subjectIndex])
-		generated.WriteString("\n")
-		generated.WriteString("	chromeIncluded.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(`")
-		cert := record[certIndex]
-		// Remove single quotes if present
-		if len(cert) > 0 && cert[0] == '\'' {
-			cert = cert[1 : len(cert)-1]
-		}
-		generated.WriteString(cert)
-		generated.WriteString("`))\n")
-	}
-	generated.WriteString("}\n")
-	return os.WriteFile("common/certificate/chrome.go", []byte(generated.String()), 0o644)
-}
--- a/common/certificate/chrome.go
+++ b/common/certificate/chrome.go
--- a/common/certificate/mozilla.go
+++ b/common/certificate/mozilla.go
--- a/common/certificate/store.go
+++ b/common/certificate/store.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/fswatch"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/libbox/platform"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ func NewStore(ctx context.Context, logger logger.Logger, options option.Certific
 	switch options.Store {
 	case C.CertificateStoreSystem, "":
 		systemPool = x509.NewCertPool()
-		platformInterface := service.FromContext[adapter.PlatformInterface](ctx)
+		platformInterface := service.FromContext[platform.Interface](ctx)
 		var systemValid bool
 		if platformInterface != nil {
 			for _, cert := range platformInterface.SystemCertificates() {
@@ -53,8 +54,6 @@ func NewStore(ctx context.Context, logger logger.Logger, options option.Certific
 		}
 	case C.CertificateStoreMozilla:
 		systemPool = mozillaIncluded
-	case C.CertificateStoreChrome:
-		systemPool = chromeIncluded
 	case C.CertificateStoreNone:
 		systemPool = nil
 	default:
--- a/common/dialer/default.go
+++ b/common/dialer/default.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/conntrack"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/listener"
 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/libbox/platform"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/control"
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ type DefaultDialer struct {

 func NewDefault(ctx context.Context, options option.DialerOptions) (*DefaultDialer, error) {
 	networkManager := service.FromContext[adapter.NetworkManager](ctx)
-	platformInterface := service.FromContext[adapter.PlatformInterface](ctx)
+	platformInterface := service.FromContext[platform.Interface](ctx)

 	var (
 		dialer                 net.Dialer
@@ -137,12 +138,6 @@ func NewDefault(ctx context.Context, options option.DialerOptions) (*DefaultDial
 		dialer.Control = control.Append(dialer.Control, control.ProtectPath(options.ProtectPath))
 		listener.Control = control.Append(listener.Control, control.ProtectPath(options.ProtectPath))
 	}
-	if options.BindAddressNoPort {
-		if !C.IsLinux {
-			return nil, E.New("`bind_address_no_port` is only supported on Linux")
-		}
-		dialer.Control = control.Append(dialer.Control, control.BindAddressNoPort())
-	}
 	if options.ConnectTimeout != 0 {
 		dialer.Timeout = time.Duration(options.ConnectTimeout)
 	} else {
--- a/common/geosite/compat_test.go
+++ b/common/geosite/compat_test.go
@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-package geosite
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// Old implementation using varbin reflection-based serialization
-
-func oldWriteString(writer varbin.Writer, value string) error {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
-}
-
-func oldWriteItem(writer varbin.Writer, item Item) error {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, item)
-}
-
-func oldReadString(reader varbin.Reader) (string, error) {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.ReadValue[string](reader, binary.BigEndian)
-}
-
-func oldReadItem(reader varbin.Reader) (Item, error) {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.ReadValue[Item](reader, binary.BigEndian)
-}
-
-func TestStringCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input string
-	}{
-		{"empty", ""},
-		{"single_char", "a"},
-		{"ascii", "example.com"},
-		{"utf8", "测试域名.中国"},
-		{"special_chars", "\x00\xff\n\t"},
-		{"127_bytes", strings.Repeat("x", 127)},
-		{"128_bytes", strings.Repeat("x", 128)},
-		{"16383_bytes", strings.Repeat("x", 16383)},
-		{"16384_bytes", strings.Repeat("x", 16384)},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// Old write
-			var oldBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := oldWriteString(&oldBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err = writeString(&newBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Bytes must match
-			require.Equal(t, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes(),
-				"mismatch for %q\nold: %x\nnew: %x", tc.name, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes())
-
-			// New write -> old read
-			readBack, err := oldReadString(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readString(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, tc.input, readBack2)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestItemCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	// Note: varbin.Write has a bug where struct values (not pointers) don't write their fields
-	// because field.CanSet() returns false for non-addressable values.
-	// The old geosite code passed Item values to varbin.Write, which silently wrote nothing.
-	// The new code correctly writes Type + Value using manual serialization.
-	// This test verifies the new serialization format and round-trip correctness.
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input Item
-	}{
-		{"domain_empty", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: ""}},
-		{"domain_normal", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "example.com"}},
-		{"domain_suffix", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomainSuffix, Value: ".example.com"}},
-		{"domain_keyword", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomainKeyword, Value: "google"}},
-		{"domain_regex", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomainRegex, Value: `^.*\.example\.com$`}},
-		{"utf8_domain", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "测试.com"}},
-		{"long_domain", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomainSuffix, Value: strings.Repeat("a", 200) + ".com"}},
-		{"128_bytes_value", Item{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: strings.Repeat("x", 128)}},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := newBuf.WriteByte(byte(tc.input.Type))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			err = writeString(&newBuf, tc.input.Value)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Verify format: Type (1 byte) + Value (uvarint len + bytes)
-			require.True(t, len(newBuf.Bytes()) >= 1, "output too short")
-			require.Equal(t, byte(tc.input.Type), newBuf.Bytes()[0], "type byte mismatch")
-
-			// New write -> old read (varbin can read correctly when given addressable target)
-			readBack, err := oldReadItem(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// New write -> new read
-			reader := bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes()))
-			typeByte, err := reader.ReadByte()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			value, err := readString(reader)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, tc.input, Item{Type: ItemType(typeByte), Value: value})
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestGeositeWriteReadCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input map[string][]Item
-	}{
-		{
-			"empty_map",
-			map[string][]Item{},
-		},
-		{
-			"single_code_empty_items",
-			map[string][]Item{"test": {}},
-		},
-		{
-			"single_code_single_item",
-			map[string][]Item{"test": {{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "a.com"}}},
-		},
-		{
-			"single_code_multi_items",
-			map[string][]Item{
-				"test": {
-					{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "a.com"},
-					{Type: RuleTypeDomainSuffix, Value: ".b.com"},
-					{Type: RuleTypeDomainKeyword, Value: "keyword"},
-					{Type: RuleTypeDomainRegex, Value: `^.*$`},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			"multi_code",
-			map[string][]Item{
-				"cn": {{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "baidu.com"}, {Type: RuleTypeDomainSuffix, Value: ".cn"}},
-				"us": {{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "google.com"}},
-				"jp": {{Type: RuleTypeDomainSuffix, Value: ".jp"}},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			"utf8_values",
-			map[string][]Item{
-				"test": {
-					{Type: RuleTypeDomain, Value: "测试.中国"},
-					{Type: RuleTypeDomainSuffix, Value: ".テスト"},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		{
-			"large_items",
-			generateLargeItems(1000),
-		},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// Write using new implementation
-			var buf bytes.Buffer
-			err := Write(&buf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Read back and verify
-			reader, codes, err := NewReader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Verify all codes exist
-			codeSet := make(map[string]bool)
-			for _, code := range codes {
-				codeSet[code] = true
-			}
-			for code := range tc.input {
-				require.True(t, codeSet[code], "missing code: %s", code)
-			}
-
-			// Verify items match
-			for code, expectedItems := range tc.input {
-				items, err := reader.Read(code)
-				require.NoError(t, err)
-				require.Equal(t, expectedItems, items, "items mismatch for code: %s", code)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func generateLargeItems(count int) map[string][]Item {
-	items := make([]Item, count)
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
-		items[i] = Item{
-			Type:  ItemType(i % 4),
-			Value: strings.Repeat("x", i%200) + ".com",
-		}
-	}
-	return map[string][]Item{"large": items}
-}
--- a/common/geosite/reader.go
+++ b/common/geosite/reader.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"

 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
 )

 type Reader struct {
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ func (r *Reader) readMetadata() error {
 			codeIndex  uint64
 			codeLength uint64
 		)
-		code, err = readString(reader)
+		code, err = varbin.ReadValue[string](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -111,16 +112,9 @@ func (r *Reader) Read(code string) ([]Item, error) {
 	}
 	r.bufferedReader.Reset(r.reader)
 	itemList := make([]Item, r.domainLength[code])
-	for i := range itemList {
-		typeByte, err := r.bufferedReader.ReadByte()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		itemList[i].Type = ItemType(typeByte)
-		itemList[i].Value, err = readString(r.bufferedReader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
+	err = varbin.Read(r.bufferedReader, binary.BigEndian, &itemList)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	return itemList, nil
 }
@@ -141,18 +135,3 @@ func (r *readCounter) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	}
 	return
 }
-
-func readString(reader io.ByteReader) (string, error) {
-	length, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	bytes := make([]byte, length)
-	for i := range bytes {
-		bytes[i], err = reader.ReadByte()
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-	}
-	return string(bytes), nil
-}
--- a/common/geosite/writer.go
+++ b/common/geosite/writer.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package geosite

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"sort"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
@@ -19,11 +20,7 @@ func Write(writer varbin.Writer, domains map[string][]Item) error {
 	for _, code := range keys {
 		index[code] = content.Len()
 		for _, item := range domains[code] {
-			err := content.WriteByte(byte(item.Type))
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			err = writeString(content, item.Value)
+			err := varbin.Write(content, binary.BigEndian, item)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ func Write(writer varbin.Writer, domains map[string][]Item) error {
 	}

 	for _, code := range keys {
-		err = writeString(writer, code)
+		err = varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, code)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -62,12 +59,3 @@ func Write(writer varbin.Writer, domains map[string][]Item) error {

 	return nil
 }
-
-func writeString(writer varbin.Writer, value string) error {
-	_, err := varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	_, err = writer.Write([]byte(value))
-	return err
-}
--- a/common/process/searcher.go
+++ b/common/process/searcher.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"os/user"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-tun"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 )

 type Searcher interface {
-	FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*adapter.ConnectionOwner, error)
+	FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*Info, error)
 }

 var ErrNotFound = E.New("process not found")
@@ -23,7 +22,15 @@ type Config struct {
 	PackageManager tun.PackageManager
 }

-func FindProcessInfo(searcher Searcher, ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*adapter.ConnectionOwner, error) {
+type Info struct {
+	ProcessID   uint32
+	ProcessPath string
+	PackageName string
+	User        string
+	UserId      int32
+}
+
+func FindProcessInfo(searcher Searcher, ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*Info, error) {
 	info, err := searcher.FindProcessInfo(ctx, network, source, destination)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -31,7 +38,7 @@ func FindProcessInfo(searcher Searcher, ctx context.Context, network string, sou
 	if info.UserId != -1 {
 		osUser, _ := user.LookupId(F.ToString(info.UserId))
 		if osUser != nil {
-			info.UserName = osUser.Username
+			info.User = osUser.Username
 		}
 	}
 	return info, nil
--- a/common/process/searcher_android.go
+++ b/common/process/searcher_android.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-tun"
 )

@@ -18,22 +17,22 @@ func NewSearcher(config Config) (Searcher, error) {
 	return &androidSearcher{config.PackageManager}, nil
 }

-func (s *androidSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*adapter.ConnectionOwner, error) {
+func (s *androidSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*Info, error) {
 	_, uid, err := resolveSocketByNetlink(network, source, destination)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if sharedPackage, loaded := s.packageManager.SharedPackageByID(uid % 100000); loaded {
-		return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{
-			UserId:             int32(uid),
-			AndroidPackageName: sharedPackage,
+		return &Info{
+			UserId:      int32(uid),
+			PackageName: sharedPackage,
 		}, nil
 	}
 	if packageName, loaded := s.packageManager.PackageByID(uid % 100000); loaded {
-		return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{
-			UserId:             int32(uid),
-			AndroidPackageName: packageName,
+		return &Info{
+			UserId:      int32(uid),
+			PackageName: packageName,
 		}, nil
 	}
-	return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{UserId: int32(uid)}, nil
+	return &Info{UserId: int32(uid)}, nil
 }
--- a/common/process/searcher_darwin.go
+++ b/common/process/searcher_darwin.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"

 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
@@ -24,12 +23,12 @@ func NewSearcher(_ Config) (Searcher, error) {
 	return &darwinSearcher{}, nil
 }

-func (d *darwinSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*adapter.ConnectionOwner, error) {
+func (d *darwinSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*Info, error) {
 	processName, err := findProcessName(network, source.Addr(), int(source.Port()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{ProcessPath: processName, UserId: -1}, nil
+	return &Info{ProcessPath: processName, UserId: -1}, nil
 }

 var structSize = func() int {
--- a/common/process/searcher_linux.go
+++ b/common/process/searcher_linux.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"net/netip"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 )

@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ func NewSearcher(config Config) (Searcher, error) {
 	return &linuxSearcher{config.Logger}, nil
 }

-func (s *linuxSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*adapter.ConnectionOwner, error) {
+func (s *linuxSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*Info, error) {
 	inode, uid, err := resolveSocketByNetlink(network, source, destination)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ func (s *linuxSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, sou
 	if err != nil {
 		s.logger.DebugContext(ctx, "find process path: ", err)
 	}
-	return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{
+	return &Info{
 		UserId:      int32(uid),
 		ProcessPath: processPath,
 	}, nil
--- a/common/process/searcher_windows.go
+++ b/common/process/searcher_windows.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"syscall"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/winiphlpapi"

@@ -28,16 +27,16 @@ func initWin32API() error {
 	return winiphlpapi.LoadExtendedTable()
 }

-func (s *windowsSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*adapter.ConnectionOwner, error) {
+func (s *windowsSearcher) FindProcessInfo(ctx context.Context, network string, source netip.AddrPort, destination netip.AddrPort) (*Info, error) {
 	pid, err := winiphlpapi.FindPid(network, source)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	path, err := getProcessPath(pid)
 	if err != nil {
-		return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{ProcessID: pid, UserId: -1}, err
+		return &Info{ProcessID: pid, UserId: -1}, err
 	}
-	return &adapter.ConnectionOwner{ProcessID: pid, ProcessPath: path, UserId: -1}, nil
+	return &Info{ProcessID: pid, ProcessPath: path, UserId: -1}, nil
 }

 func getProcessPath(pid uint32) (string, error) {
--- a/common/settings/wifi_linux_connman.go
+++ b/common/settings/wifi_linux_connman.go
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-//go:build linux
-
 package settings

 import (
--- a/common/settings/wifi_linux_iwd.go
+++ b/common/settings/wifi_linux_iwd.go
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-//go:build linux
-
 package settings

 import (
--- a/common/settings/wifi_linux_nm.go
+++ b/common/settings/wifi_linux_nm.go
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-//go:build linux
-
 package settings

 import (
--- a/common/sniff/quic.go
+++ b/common/sniff/quic.go
@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ find:
 	metadata.Protocol = C.ProtocolQUIC
 	fingerprint, err := ja3.Compute(buffer.Bytes())
 	if err != nil {
+		metadata.Protocol = C.ProtocolQUIC
+		metadata.Client = C.ClientChromium
 		metadata.SniffContext = fragments
 		return E.Cause1(ErrNeedMoreData, err)
 	}
@@ -332,7 +334,7 @@ find:
 		}

 		if count(frameTypeList, frameTypeCrypto) > 1 || count(frameTypeList, frameTypePing) > 0 {
-			if isQUICGo(fingerprint) {
+			if maybeUQUIC(fingerprint) {
 				metadata.Client = C.ClientQUICGo
 			} else {
 				metadata.Client = C.ClientChromium
--- a/common/sniff/quic_blacklist.go
+++ b/common/sniff/quic_blacklist.go
@@ -1,29 +1,21 @@
 package sniff

 import (
+	"crypto/tls"
+
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/ja3"
 )

-const (
-	// X25519Kyber768Draft00 - post-quantum curve used by Go crypto/tls
-	x25519Kyber768Draft00 uint16 = 0x11EC // 4588
-	// renegotiation_info extension used by Go crypto/tls
-	extensionRenegotiationInfo uint16 = 0xFF01 // 65281
-)
-
-// isQUICGo detects native quic-go by checking for Go crypto/tls specific features.
-// Note: uQUIC with Chromium mimicry cannot be reliably distinguished from real Chromium
-// since it uses the same TLS fingerprint, so it will be identified as Chromium.
-func isQUICGo(fingerprint *ja3.ClientHello) bool {
-	for _, curve := range fingerprint.EllipticCurves {
-		if curve == x25519Kyber768Draft00 {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	for _, ext := range fingerprint.Extensions {
-		if ext == extensionRenegotiationInfo {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
+// Chromium sends separate client hello packets, but UQUIC has not yet implemented this behavior
+// The cronet without this behavior does not have version 115
+var uQUICChrome115 = &ja3.ClientHello{
+	Version:             tls.VersionTLS12,
+	CipherSuites:        []uint16{4865, 4866, 4867},
+	Extensions:          []uint16{0, 10, 13, 16, 27, 43, 45, 51, 57, 17513},
+	EllipticCurves:      []uint16{29, 23, 24},
+	SignatureAlgorithms: []uint16{1027, 2052, 1025, 1283, 2053, 1281, 2054, 1537, 513},
+}
+
+func maybeUQUIC(fingerprint *ja3.ClientHello) bool {
+	return !uQUICChrome115.Equals(fingerprint, true)
 }
--- a/common/sniff/quic_capture_test.go
+++ b/common/sniff/quic_capture_test.go
@@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
-package sniff_test
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"crypto/tls"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"errors"
-	"net"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/sagernet/quic-go"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/sniff"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestSniffQUICQuicGoFingerprint(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	const testSNI = "test.example.com"
-
-	udpConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1), Port: 0})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer udpConn.Close()
-
-	serverAddr := udpConn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
-	packetsChan := make(chan [][]byte, 1)
-
-	go func() {
-		var packets [][]byte
-		udpConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(3 * time.Second))
-		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-			buf := make([]byte, 2048)
-			n, _, err := udpConn.ReadFromUDP(buf)
-			if err != nil {
-				break
-			}
-			packets = append(packets, buf[:n])
-		}
-		packetsChan <- packets
-	}()
-
-	clientConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1), Port: 0})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer clientConn.Close()
-
-	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{
-		ServerName:         testSNI,
-		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
-		NextProtos:         []string{"h3"},
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	_, _ = quic.Dial(ctx, clientConn, serverAddr, tlsConfig, &quic.Config{})
-
-	select {
-	case packets := <-packetsChan:
-		t.Logf("Captured %d packets", len(packets))
-
-		var metadata adapter.InboundContext
-		for i, pkt := range packets {
-			err := sniff.QUICClientHello(context.Background(), &metadata, pkt)
-			t.Logf("Packet %d: err=%v, domain=%s, client=%s", i, err, metadata.Domain, metadata.Client)
-			if metadata.Domain != "" {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-
-		t.Logf("\n=== quic-go TLS Fingerprint Analysis ===")
-		t.Logf("Domain: %s", metadata.Domain)
-		t.Logf("Client: %s", metadata.Client)
-		t.Logf("Protocol: %s", metadata.Protocol)
-
-		// The client should be identified as quic-go, not chromium
-		// Current issue: it's being identified as chromium
-		if metadata.Client == "chromium" {
-			t.Log("WARNING: quic-go is being misidentified as chromium!")
-		}
-
-	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("Timeout")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestSniffQUICInitialFromQuicGo(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	const testSNI = "test.example.com"
-
-	// Create UDP listener to capture ALL initial packets
-	udpConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1), Port: 0})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer udpConn.Close()
-
-	serverAddr := udpConn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr)
-
-	// Channel to receive captured packets
-	packetsChan := make(chan [][]byte, 1)
-
-	// Start goroutine to capture packets
-	go func() {
-		var packets [][]byte
-		udpConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(3 * time.Second))
-		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ { // Capture up to 5 packets
-			buf := make([]byte, 2048)
-			n, _, err := udpConn.ReadFromUDP(buf)
-			if err != nil {
-				break
-			}
-			packets = append(packets, buf[:n])
-		}
-		packetsChan <- packets
-	}()
-
-	// Create QUIC client connection (will fail but we capture the initial packet)
-	clientConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.IPv4(127, 0, 0, 1), Port: 0})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer clientConn.Close()
-
-	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{
-		ServerName:         testSNI,
-		InsecureSkipVerify: true,
-		NextProtos:         []string{"h3"},
-	}
-
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	// This will fail (no server) but sends initial packet
-	_, _ = quic.Dial(ctx, clientConn, serverAddr, tlsConfig, &quic.Config{})
-
-	// Wait for captured packets
-	select {
-	case packets := <-packetsChan:
-		t.Logf("Captured %d QUIC packets", len(packets))
-
-		for i, packet := range packets {
-			t.Logf("Packet %d: length=%d, first 30 bytes: %x", i, len(packet), packet[:min(30, len(packet))])
-		}
-
-		// Test sniffer with first packet
-		if len(packets) > 0 {
-			var metadata adapter.InboundContext
-			err := sniff.QUICClientHello(context.Background(), &metadata, packets[0])
-
-			t.Logf("First packet sniff error: %v", err)
-			t.Logf("Protocol: %s", metadata.Protocol)
-			t.Logf("Domain: %s", metadata.Domain)
-			t.Logf("Client: %s", metadata.Client)
-
-			// If first packet needs more data, try with subsequent packets
-			// IMPORTANT: reuse metadata to accumulate CRYPTO fragments via SniffContext
-			if errors.Is(err, sniff.ErrNeedMoreData) && len(packets) > 1 {
-				t.Log("First packet needs more data, trying subsequent packets with shared context...")
-				for i := 1; i < len(packets); i++ {
-					// Reuse same metadata to accumulate fragments
-					err = sniff.QUICClientHello(context.Background(), &metadata, packets[i])
-					t.Logf("Packet %d sniff result: err=%v, domain=%s, sniffCtx=%v", i, err, metadata.Domain, metadata.SniffContext != nil)
-					if metadata.Domain != "" || (err != nil && !errors.Is(err, sniff.ErrNeedMoreData)) {
-						break
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Print hex dump for debugging
-			t.Logf("First packet hex:\n%s", hex.Dump(packets[0][:min(256, len(packets[0]))]))
-
-			// Log final results
-			t.Logf("Final: Protocol=%s, Domain=%s, Client=%s", metadata.Protocol, metadata.Domain, metadata.Client)
-
-			// Verify SNI extraction
-			if metadata.Domain == "" {
-				t.Errorf("Failed to extract SNI, expected: %s", testSNI)
-			} else {
-				require.Equal(t, testSNI, metadata.Domain, "SNI should match")
-			}
-
-			// Check client identification - quic-go should be identified as quic-go, not chromium
-			t.Logf("Client identified as: %s (expected: quic-go)", metadata.Client)
-		}
-
-	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("Timeout waiting for QUIC packets")
-	}
-}
--- a/common/sniff/quic_test.go
+++ b/common/sniff/quic_test.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ func TestSniffQUICChromeNew(t *testing.T) {
 	var metadata adapter.InboundContext
 	err = sniff.QUICClientHello(context.Background(), &metadata, pkt)
 	require.Equal(t, metadata.Protocol, C.ProtocolQUIC)
-	require.Empty(t, metadata.Client)
+	require.Equal(t, metadata.Client, C.ClientChromium)
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, sniff.ErrNeedMoreData)
 	pkt, err = hex.DecodeString("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")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestSniffQUICChromium(t *testing.T) {
 	var metadata adapter.InboundContext
 	err = sniff.QUICClientHello(context.Background(), &metadata, pkt)
 	require.Equal(t, metadata.Protocol, C.ProtocolQUIC)
-	require.Empty(t, metadata.Client)
+	require.Equal(t, metadata.Client, C.ClientChromium)
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, sniff.ErrNeedMoreData)
 	pkt, err = hex.DecodeString("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")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
--- a/common/srs/binary.go
+++ b/common/srs/binary.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
-	"unsafe"

 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
@@ -506,24 +505,7 @@ func writeDefaultRule(writer varbin.Writer, rule option.DefaultHeadlessRule, gen
 }

 func readRuleItemString(reader varbin.Reader) ([]string, error) {
-	length, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	result := make([]string, length)
-	for i := range result {
-		strLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		buf := make([]byte, strLen)
-		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, buf)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		result[i] = string(buf)
-	}
-	return result, nil
+	return varbin.ReadValue[[]string](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 }

 func writeRuleItemString(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []string) error {
@@ -531,34 +513,11 @@ func writeRuleItemString(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []string) e
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, s := range value {
-		_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(s)))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, err = writer.Write([]byte(s))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
+	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
 }

 func readRuleItemUint8[E ~uint8](reader varbin.Reader) ([]E, error) {
-	length, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	result := make([]E, length)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, *(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&result)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return result, nil
+	return varbin.ReadValue[[]E](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 }

 func writeRuleItemUint8[E ~uint8](writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []E) error {
@@ -566,25 +525,11 @@ func writeRuleItemUint8[E ~uint8](writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	_, err = writer.Write(*(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&value)))
-	return err
+	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
 }

 func readRuleItemUint16(reader varbin.Reader) ([]uint16, error) {
-	length, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	result := make([]uint16, length)
-	err = binary.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, result)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return result, nil
+	return varbin.ReadValue[[]uint16](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 }

 func writeRuleItemUint16(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []uint16) error {
@@ -592,11 +537,7 @@ func writeRuleItemUint16(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []uint16) e
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return binary.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
+	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
 }

 func writeRuleItemCIDR(writer varbin.Writer, itemType uint8, value []string) error {
--- a/common/srs/compat_test.go
+++ b/common/srs/compat_test.go
@@ -1,494 +0,0 @@
-package srs
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"net/netip"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"unsafe"
-
-	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go4.org/netipx"
-)
-
-// Old implementations using varbin reflection-based serialization
-
-func oldWriteStringSlice(writer varbin.Writer, value []string) error {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
-}
-
-func oldReadStringSlice(reader varbin.Reader) ([]string, error) {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.ReadValue[[]string](reader, binary.BigEndian)
-}
-
-func oldWriteUint8Slice[E ~uint8](writer varbin.Writer, value []E) error {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
-}
-
-func oldReadUint8Slice[E ~uint8](reader varbin.Reader) ([]E, error) {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.ReadValue[[]E](reader, binary.BigEndian)
-}
-
-func oldWriteUint16Slice(writer varbin.Writer, value []uint16) error {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
-}
-
-func oldReadUint16Slice(reader varbin.Reader) ([]uint16, error) {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	return varbin.ReadValue[[]uint16](reader, binary.BigEndian)
-}
-
-func oldWritePrefix(writer varbin.Writer, prefix netip.Prefix) error {
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	err := varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, prefix.Addr().AsSlice())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return binary.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, uint8(prefix.Bits()))
-}
-
-type oldIPRangeData struct {
-	From []byte
-	To   []byte
-}
-
-// Note: The old writeIPSet had a bug where varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, data)
-// with a struct VALUE (not pointer) silently wrote nothing because field.CanSet() returned false.
-// This caused IP range data to be missing from the output.
-// The new implementation correctly writes all range data.
-//
-// The old readIPSet used varbin.Read with a pre-allocated slice, which worked because
-// slice elements are addressable and CanSet() returns true for them.
-//
-// For compatibility testing, we verify:
-// 1. New write produces correct output with range data
-// 2. New read can parse the new format correctly
-// 3. Round-trip works correctly
-
-func oldReadIPSet(reader varbin.Reader) (*netipx.IPSet, error) {
-	version, err := reader.ReadByte()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if version != 1 {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	var length uint64
-	err = binary.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &length)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	ranges := make([]oldIPRangeData, length)
-	//nolint:staticcheck
-	err = varbin.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &ranges)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	mySet := &myIPSet{
-		rr: make([]myIPRange, len(ranges)),
-	}
-	for i, rangeData := range ranges {
-		mySet.rr[i].from = M.AddrFromIP(rangeData.From)
-		mySet.rr[i].to = M.AddrFromIP(rangeData.To)
-	}
-	return (*netipx.IPSet)(unsafe.Pointer(mySet)), nil
-}
-
-// New write functions (without itemType prefix for testing)
-
-func newWriteStringSlice(writer varbin.Writer, value []string) error {
-	_, err := varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, s := range value {
-		_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(s)))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, err = writer.Write([]byte(s))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func newWriteUint8Slice[E ~uint8](writer varbin.Writer, value []E) error {
-	_, err := varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	_, err = writer.Write(*(*[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&value)))
-	return err
-}
-
-func newWriteUint16Slice(writer varbin.Writer, value []uint16) error {
-	_, err := varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(value)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return binary.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, value)
-}
-
-func newWritePrefix(writer varbin.Writer, prefix netip.Prefix) error {
-	addrSlice := prefix.Addr().AsSlice()
-	_, err := varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(addrSlice)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	_, err = writer.Write(addrSlice)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return writer.WriteByte(uint8(prefix.Bits()))
-}
-
-// Tests
-
-func TestStringSliceCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input []string
-	}{
-		{"nil", nil},
-		{"empty", []string{}},
-		{"single_empty", []string{""}},
-		{"single", []string{"test"}},
-		{"multi", []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
-		{"with_empty", []string{"a", "", "c"}},
-		{"utf8", []string{"测试", "テスト", "тест"}},
-		{"long_string", []string{strings.Repeat("x", 128)}},
-		{"many_elements", generateStrings(128)},
-		{"many_elements_256", generateStrings(256)},
-		{"127_byte_string", []string{strings.Repeat("x", 127)}},
-		{"128_byte_string", []string{strings.Repeat("x", 128)}},
-		{"mixed_lengths", []string{"a", strings.Repeat("b", 100), "", strings.Repeat("c", 200)}},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// Old write
-			var oldBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := oldWriteStringSlice(&oldBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err = newWriteStringSlice(&newBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Bytes must match
-			require.Equal(t, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes(),
-				"mismatch for %q\nold: %x\nnew: %x", tc.name, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes())
-
-			// New write -> old read
-			readBack, err := oldReadStringSlice(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireStringSliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readRuleItemString(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireStringSliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack2)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestUint8SliceCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input []uint8
-	}{
-		{"nil", nil},
-		{"empty", []uint8{}},
-		{"single_zero", []uint8{0}},
-		{"single_max", []uint8{255}},
-		{"multi", []uint8{0, 1, 127, 128, 255}},
-		{"boundary", []uint8{0x00, 0x7f, 0x80, 0xff}},
-		{"sequential", generateUint8Slice(256)},
-		{"127_elements", generateUint8Slice(127)},
-		{"128_elements", generateUint8Slice(128)},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// Old write
-			var oldBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := oldWriteUint8Slice(&oldBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err = newWriteUint8Slice(&newBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Bytes must match
-			require.Equal(t, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes(),
-				"mismatch for %q\nold: %x\nnew: %x", tc.name, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes())
-
-			// New write -> old read
-			readBack, err := oldReadUint8Slice[uint8](bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireUint8SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readRuleItemUint8[uint8](bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireUint8SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack2)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestUint16SliceCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input []uint16
-	}{
-		{"nil", nil},
-		{"empty", []uint16{}},
-		{"single_zero", []uint16{0}},
-		{"single_max", []uint16{65535}},
-		{"multi", []uint16{0, 255, 256, 32767, 32768, 65535}},
-		{"ports", []uint16{80, 443, 8080, 8443}},
-		{"127_elements", generateUint16Slice(127)},
-		{"128_elements", generateUint16Slice(128)},
-		{"256_elements", generateUint16Slice(256)},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// Old write
-			var oldBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := oldWriteUint16Slice(&oldBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err = newWriteUint16Slice(&newBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Bytes must match
-			require.Equal(t, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes(),
-				"mismatch for %q\nold: %x\nnew: %x", tc.name, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes())
-
-			// New write -> old read
-			readBack, err := oldReadUint16Slice(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireUint16SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readRuleItemUint16(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireUint16SliceEqual(t, tc.input, readBack2)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestPrefixCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input netip.Prefix
-	}{
-		{"ipv4_0", netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0")},
-		{"ipv4_8", netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")},
-		{"ipv4_16", netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.0.0/16")},
-		{"ipv4_24", netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24")},
-		{"ipv4_32", netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32")},
-		{"ipv6_0", netip.MustParsePrefix("::/0")},
-		{"ipv6_64", netip.MustParsePrefix("2001:db8::/64")},
-		{"ipv6_128", netip.MustParsePrefix("::1/128")},
-		{"ipv6_full", netip.MustParsePrefix("2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334/128")},
-		{"ipv4_private", netip.MustParsePrefix("172.16.0.0/12")},
-		{"ipv6_link_local", netip.MustParsePrefix("fe80::/10")},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// Old write
-			var oldBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := oldWritePrefix(&oldBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err = newWritePrefix(&newBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Bytes must match
-			require.Equal(t, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes(),
-				"mismatch for %q\nold: %x\nnew: %x", tc.name, oldBuf.Bytes(), newBuf.Bytes())
-
-			// New write -> new read (no old read for prefix)
-			readBack, err := readPrefix(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// Old write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readPrefix(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(oldBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			require.Equal(t, tc.input, readBack2)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func TestIPSetCompat(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-
-	// Note: The old writeIPSet was buggy (varbin.Write with struct values wrote nothing).
-	// This test verifies the new implementation writes correct data and round-trips correctly.
-
-	cases := []struct {
-		name  string
-		input *netipx.IPSet
-	}{
-		{"single_ipv4", buildIPSet("1.2.3.4")},
-		{"ipv4_range", buildIPSet("192.168.0.0/16")},
-		{"multi_ipv4", buildIPSet("10.0.0.0/8", "172.16.0.0/12", "192.168.0.0/16")},
-		{"single_ipv6", buildIPSet("::1")},
-		{"ipv6_range", buildIPSet("2001:db8::/32")},
-		{"mixed", buildIPSet("10.0.0.0/8", "::1", "2001:db8::/32")},
-		{"large", buildLargeIPSet(100)},
-		{"adjacent_ranges", buildIPSet("192.168.0.0/24", "192.168.1.0/24", "192.168.2.0/24")},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			t.Parallel()
-
-			// New write
-			var newBuf bytes.Buffer
-			err := writeIPSet(&newBuf, tc.input)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-
-			// Verify format starts with version byte (1) + uint64 count
-			require.True(t, len(newBuf.Bytes()) >= 9, "output too short")
-			require.Equal(t, byte(1), newBuf.Bytes()[0], "version byte mismatch")
-
-			// New write -> old read (varbin.Read with pre-allocated slice works correctly)
-			readBack, err := oldReadIPSet(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireIPSetEqual(t, tc.input, readBack)
-
-			// New write -> new read
-			readBack2, err := readIPSet(bufio.NewReader(bytes.NewReader(newBuf.Bytes())))
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			requireIPSetEqual(t, tc.input, readBack2)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// Helper functions
-
-func generateStrings(count int) []string {
-	result := make([]string, count)
-	for i := range result {
-		result[i] = strings.Repeat("x", i%50)
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func generateUint8Slice(count int) []uint8 {
-	result := make([]uint8, count)
-	for i := range result {
-		result[i] = uint8(i % 256)
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func generateUint16Slice(count int) []uint16 {
-	result := make([]uint16, count)
-	for i := range result {
-		result[i] = uint16(i * 257)
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func buildIPSet(cidrs ...string) *netipx.IPSet {
-	var builder netipx.IPSetBuilder
-	for _, cidr := range cidrs {
-		prefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(cidr)
-		if err != nil {
-			addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(cidr)
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-			builder.Add(addr)
-		} else {
-			builder.AddPrefix(prefix)
-		}
-	}
-	set, _ := builder.IPSet()
-	return set
-}
-
-func buildLargeIPSet(count int) *netipx.IPSet {
-	var builder netipx.IPSetBuilder
-	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
-		prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{10, byte(i / 256), byte(i % 256), 0}), 24)
-		builder.AddPrefix(prefix)
-	}
-	set, _ := builder.IPSet()
-	return set
-}
-
-func requireStringSliceEqual(t *testing.T, expected, actual []string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if len(expected) == 0 && len(actual) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
-}
-
-func requireUint8SliceEqual(t *testing.T, expected, actual []uint8) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if len(expected) == 0 && len(actual) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
-}
-
-func requireUint16SliceEqual(t *testing.T, expected, actual []uint16) {
-	t.Helper()
-	if len(expected) == 0 && len(actual) == 0 {
-		return
-	}
-	require.Equal(t, expected, actual)
-}
-
-func requireIPSetEqual(t *testing.T, expected, actual *netipx.IPSet) {
-	t.Helper()
-	expectedRanges := expected.Ranges()
-	actualRanges := actual.Ranges()
-	require.Equal(t, len(expectedRanges), len(actualRanges), "range count mismatch")
-	for i := range expectedRanges {
-		require.Equal(t, expectedRanges[i].From(), actualRanges[i].From(), "range[%d].from mismatch", i)
-		require.Equal(t, expectedRanges[i].To(), actualRanges[i].To(), "range[%d].to mismatch", i)
-	}
-}
--- a/common/srs/ip_cidr.go
+++ b/common/srs/ip_cidr.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package srs

 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"io"
 	"net/netip"

 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
@@ -10,16 +9,11 @@ import (
 )

 func readPrefix(reader varbin.Reader) (netip.Prefix, error) {
-	addrLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
+	addrSlice, err := varbin.ReadValue[[]byte](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 	if err != nil {
 		return netip.Prefix{}, err
 	}
-	addrSlice := make([]byte, addrLen)
-	_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, addrSlice)
-	if err != nil {
-		return netip.Prefix{}, err
-	}
-	prefixBits, err := reader.ReadByte()
+	prefixBits, err := varbin.ReadValue[uint8](reader, binary.BigEndian)
 	if err != nil {
 		return netip.Prefix{}, err
 	}
@@ -27,16 +21,11 @@ func readPrefix(reader varbin.Reader) (netip.Prefix, error) {
 }

 func writePrefix(writer varbin.Writer, prefix netip.Prefix) error {
-	addrSlice := prefix.Addr().AsSlice()
-	_, err := varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(addrSlice)))
+	err := varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, prefix.Addr().AsSlice())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = writer.Write(addrSlice)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	err = writer.WriteByte(uint8(prefix.Bits()))
+	err = binary.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, uint8(prefix.Bits()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/common/srs/ip_set.go
+++ b/common/srs/ip_set.go
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ package srs

 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"unsafe"

+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/varbin"

@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@ type myIPRange struct {
 	to   netip.Addr
 }

+type myIPRangeData struct {
+	From []byte
+	To   []byte
+}
+
 func readIPSet(reader varbin.Reader) (*netipx.IPSet, error) {
 	version, err := reader.ReadByte()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -36,30 +41,17 @@ func readIPSet(reader varbin.Reader) (*netipx.IPSet, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	mySet := &myIPSet{
-		rr: make([]myIPRange, length),
+	ranges := make([]myIPRangeData, length)
+	err = varbin.Read(reader, binary.BigEndian, &ranges)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	for i := range mySet.rr {
-		fromLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		fromBytes := make([]byte, fromLen)
-		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, fromBytes)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		toLen, err := binary.ReadUvarint(reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		toBytes := make([]byte, toLen)
-		_, err = io.ReadFull(reader, toBytes)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		mySet.rr[i].from = M.AddrFromIP(fromBytes)
-		mySet.rr[i].to = M.AddrFromIP(toBytes)
+	mySet := &myIPSet{
+		rr: make([]myIPRange, len(ranges)),
+	}
+	for i, rangeData := range ranges {
+		mySet.rr[i].from = M.AddrFromIP(rangeData.From)
+		mySet.rr[i].to = M.AddrFromIP(rangeData.To)
 	}
 	return (*netipx.IPSet)(unsafe.Pointer(mySet)), nil
 }
@@ -69,27 +61,18 @@ func writeIPSet(writer varbin.Writer, set *netipx.IPSet) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	mySet := (*myIPSet)(unsafe.Pointer(set))
-	err = binary.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, uint64(len(mySet.rr)))
+	dataList := common.Map((*myIPSet)(unsafe.Pointer(set)).rr, func(rr myIPRange) myIPRangeData {
+		return myIPRangeData{
+			From: rr.from.AsSlice(),
+			To:   rr.to.AsSlice(),
+		}
+	})
+	err = binary.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, uint64(len(dataList)))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	for _, rr := range mySet.rr {
-		fromBytes := rr.from.AsSlice()
-		_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(fromBytes)))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, err = writer.Write(fromBytes)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		toBytes := rr.to.AsSlice()
-		_, err = varbin.WriteUvarint(writer, uint64(len(toBytes)))
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		_, err = writer.Write(toBytes)
+	for _, data := range dataList {
+		err = varbin.Write(writer, binary.BigEndian, data)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
--- a/common/tls/acme.go
+++ b/common/tls/acme.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"

 	"github.com/caddyserver/certmagic"
-	"github.com/libdns/acmedns"
 	"github.com/libdns/alidns"
 	"github.com/libdns/cloudflare"
 	"github.com/mholt/acmez/v3/acme"
@@ -115,24 +114,13 @@ func startACME(ctx context.Context, logger logger.Logger, options option.Inbound
 		switch dnsOptions.Provider {
 		case C.DNSProviderAliDNS:
 			solver.DNSProvider = &alidns.Provider{
-				CredentialInfo: alidns.CredentialInfo{
-					AccessKeyID:     dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.AccessKeyID,
-					AccessKeySecret: dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.AccessKeySecret,
-					RegionID:        dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.RegionID,
-					SecurityToken:   dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.SecurityToken,
-				},
+				AccKeyID:     dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.AccessKeyID,
+				AccKeySecret: dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.AccessKeySecret,
+				RegionID:     dnsOptions.AliDNSOptions.RegionID,
 			}
 		case C.DNSProviderCloudflare:
 			solver.DNSProvider = &cloudflare.Provider{
-				APIToken:  dnsOptions.CloudflareOptions.APIToken,
-				ZoneToken: dnsOptions.CloudflareOptions.ZoneToken,
-			}
-		case C.DNSProviderACMEDNS:
-			solver.DNSProvider = &acmedns.Provider{
-				Username:  dnsOptions.ACMEDNSOptions.Username,
-				Password:  dnsOptions.ACMEDNSOptions.Password,
-				Subdomain: dnsOptions.ACMEDNSOptions.Subdomain,
-				ServerURL: dnsOptions.ACMEDNSOptions.ServerURL,
+				APIToken: dnsOptions.CloudflareOptions.APIToken,
 			}
 		default:
 			return nil, nil, E.New("unsupported ACME DNS01 provider type: " + dnsOptions.Provider)
--- a/common/tls/ech.go
+++ b/common/tls/ech.go
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ func parseECHClientConfig(ctx context.Context, clientConfig ECHCapableConfig, op
 		return &ECHClientConfig{
 			ECHCapableConfig: clientConfig,
 			dnsRouter:        service.FromContext[adapter.DNSRouter](ctx),
-			queryServerName:  options.ECH.QueryServerName,
 		}, nil
 	}
 }
@@ -109,11 +108,10 @@ func parseECHKeys(echKey []byte) ([]tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey, error) {

 type ECHClientConfig struct {
 	ECHCapableConfig
-	access          sync.Mutex
-	dnsRouter       adapter.DNSRouter
-	queryServerName string
-	lastTTL         time.Duration
-	lastUpdate      time.Time
+	access     sync.Mutex
+	dnsRouter  adapter.DNSRouter
+	lastTTL    time.Duration
+	lastUpdate time.Time
 }

 func (s *ECHClientConfig) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn) (aTLS.Conn, error) {
@@ -132,17 +130,13 @@ func (s *ECHClientConfig) fetchAndHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn)
 	s.access.Lock()
 	defer s.access.Unlock()
 	if len(s.ECHConfigList()) == 0 || s.lastTTL == 0 || time.Since(s.lastUpdate) > s.lastTTL {
-		queryServerName := s.queryServerName
-		if queryServerName == "" {
-			queryServerName = s.ServerName()
-		}
 		message := &mDNS.Msg{
 			MsgHdr: mDNS.MsgHdr{
 				RecursionDesired: true,
 			},
 			Question: []mDNS.Question{
 				{
-					Name:   mDNS.Fqdn(queryServerName),
+					Name:   mDNS.Fqdn(s.ServerName()),
 					Qtype:  mDNS.TypeHTTPS,
 					Qclass: mDNS.ClassINET,
 				},
@@ -181,12 +175,7 @@ func (s *ECHClientConfig) fetchAndHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn)
 }

 func (s *ECHClientConfig) Clone() Config {
-	return &ECHClientConfig{
-		ECHCapableConfig: s.ECHCapableConfig.Clone().(ECHCapableConfig),
-		dnsRouter:        s.dnsRouter,
-		queryServerName:  s.queryServerName,
-		lastUpdate:       s.lastUpdate,
-	}
+	return &ECHClientConfig{ECHCapableConfig: s.ECHCapableConfig.Clone().(ECHCapableConfig), dnsRouter: s.dnsRouter, lastUpdate: s.lastUpdate}
 }

 func UnmarshalECHKeys(raw []byte) ([]tls.EncryptedClientHelloKey, error) {
--- a/common/urltest/urltest.go
+++ b/common/urltest/urltest.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
 	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/ntp"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/observable"
 )

 var _ adapter.URLTestHistoryStorage = (*HistoryStorage)(nil)
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ var _ adapter.URLTestHistoryStorage = (*HistoryStorage)(nil)
 type HistoryStorage struct {
 	access       sync.RWMutex
 	delayHistory map[string]*adapter.URLTestHistory
-	updateHook   *observable.Subscriber[struct{}]
+	updateHook   chan<- struct{}
 }

 func NewHistoryStorage() *HistoryStorage {
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ func NewHistoryStorage() *HistoryStorage {
 	}
 }

-func (s *HistoryStorage) SetHook(hook *observable.Subscriber[struct{}]) {
+func (s *HistoryStorage) SetHook(hook chan<- struct{}) {
 	s.updateHook = hook
 }

@@ -61,7 +60,10 @@ func (s *HistoryStorage) StoreURLTestHistory(tag string, history *adapter.URLTes
 func (s *HistoryStorage) notifyUpdated() {
 	updateHook := s.updateHook
 	if updateHook != nil {
-		updateHook.Emit(struct{}{})
+		select {
+		case updateHook <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
 	}
 }

--- a/constant/certificate.go
+++ b/constant/certificate.go
@@ -3,6 +3,5 @@ package constant
 const (
 	CertificateStoreSystem  = "system"
 	CertificateStoreMozilla = "mozilla"
-	CertificateStoreChrome  = "chrome"
 	CertificateStoreNone    = "none"
 )
--- a/constant/dhcp.go
+++ b/constant/dhcp.go
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ import "time"

 const (
 	DHCPTTL     = time.Hour
-	DHCPTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	DHCPTimeout = time.Minute
 )
--- a/constant/dns.go
+++ b/constant/dns.go
@@ -33,5 +33,4 @@ const (
 const (
 	DNSProviderAliDNS     = "alidns"
 	DNSProviderCloudflare = "cloudflare"
-	DNSProviderACMEDNS    = "acmedns"
 )
--- a/constant/proxy.go
+++ b/constant/proxy.go
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ const (
 	TypeResolved     = "resolved"
 	TypeSSMAPI       = "ssm-api"
 	TypeCCM          = "ccm"
-	TypeOCM          = "ocm"
 )

 const (
--- a/constant/rule.go
+++ b/constant/rule.go
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ const (
 	RuleActionTypeRoute        = "route"
 	RuleActionTypeRouteOptions = "route-options"
 	RuleActionTypeDirect       = "direct"
-	RuleActionTypeBypass       = "bypass"
 	RuleActionTypeReject       = "reject"
 	RuleActionTypeHijackDNS    = "hijack-dns"
 	RuleActionTypeSniff        = "sniff"
--- a/daemon/deprecated.go
+++ b/daemon/deprecated.go
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-package daemon
-
-import (
-	"sync"
-
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/deprecated"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
-)
-
-var _ deprecated.Manager = (*deprecatedManager)(nil)
-
-type deprecatedManager struct {
-	access sync.Mutex
-	notes  []deprecated.Note
-}
-
-func (m *deprecatedManager) ReportDeprecated(feature deprecated.Note) {
-	m.access.Lock()
-	defer m.access.Unlock()
-	m.notes = common.Uniq(append(m.notes, feature))
-}
-
-func (m *deprecatedManager) Get() []deprecated.Note {
-	m.access.Lock()
-	defer m.access.Unlock()
-	notes := m.notes
-	m.notes = nil
-	return notes
-}
--- a/daemon/instance.go
+++ b/daemon/instance.go
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-package daemon
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/urltest"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/deprecated"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/include"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
-	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/json"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/service"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/service/pause"
-)
-
-type Instance struct {
-	ctx                   context.Context
-	cancel                context.CancelFunc
-	instance              *box.Box
-	clashServer           adapter.ClashServer
-	cacheFile             adapter.CacheFile
-	pauseManager          pause.Manager
-	urlTestHistoryStorage *urltest.HistoryStorage
-}
-
-func (s *StartedService) CheckConfig(configContent string) error {
-	options, err := parseConfig(s.ctx, configContent)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(s.ctx)
-	defer cancel()
-	instance, err := box.New(box.Options{
-		Context: ctx,
-		Options: options,
-	})
-	if err == nil {
-		instance.Close()
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-func (s *StartedService) FormatConfig(configContent string) (string, error) {
-	options, err := parseConfig(s.ctx, configContent)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	var buffer bytes.Buffer
-	encoder := json.NewEncoder(&buffer)
-	encoder.SetIndent("", "  ")
-	err = encoder.Encode(options)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	return buffer.String(), nil
-}
-
-type OverrideOptions struct {
-	AutoRedirect   bool
-	IncludePackage []string
-	ExcludePackage []string
-}
-
-func (s *StartedService) newInstance(profileContent string, overrideOptions *OverrideOptions) (*Instance, error) {
-	ctx := s.ctx
-	service.MustRegister[deprecated.Manager](ctx, new(deprecatedManager))
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(include.Context(ctx))
-	options, err := parseConfig(ctx, profileContent)
-	if err != nil {
-		cancel()
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if overrideOptions != nil {
-		for _, inbound := range options.Inbounds {
-			if tunInboundOptions, isTUN := inbound.Options.(*option.TunInboundOptions); isTUN {
-				tunInboundOptions.AutoRedirect = overrideOptions.AutoRedirect
-				tunInboundOptions.IncludePackage = append(tunInboundOptions.IncludePackage, overrideOptions.IncludePackage...)
-				tunInboundOptions.ExcludePackage = append(tunInboundOptions.ExcludePackage, overrideOptions.ExcludePackage...)
-				break
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	urlTestHistoryStorage := urltest.NewHistoryStorage()
-	ctx = service.ContextWithPtr(ctx, urlTestHistoryStorage)
-	i := &Instance{
-		ctx:                   ctx,
-		cancel:                cancel,
-		urlTestHistoryStorage: urlTestHistoryStorage,
-	}
-	boxInstance, err := box.New(box.Options{
-		Context:           ctx,
-		Options:           options,
-		PlatformLogWriter: s,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		cancel()
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	i.instance = boxInstance
-	i.clashServer = service.FromContext[adapter.ClashServer](ctx)
-	i.pauseManager = service.FromContext[pause.Manager](ctx)
-	i.cacheFile = service.FromContext[adapter.CacheFile](ctx)
-	log.SetStdLogger(boxInstance.LogFactory().Logger())
-	return i, nil
-}
-
-func (i *Instance) Start() error {
-	return i.instance.Start()
-}
-
-func (i *Instance) Close() error {
-	i.cancel()
-	i.urlTestHistoryStorage.Close()
-	return i.instance.Close()
-}
-
-func (i *Instance) Box() *box.Box {
-	return i.instance
-}
-
-func (i *Instance) PauseManager() pause.Manager {
-	return i.pauseManager
-}
-
-func parseConfig(ctx context.Context, configContent string) (option.Options, error) {
-	options, err := json.UnmarshalExtendedContext[option.Options](ctx, []byte(configContent))
-	if err != nil {
-		return option.Options{}, E.Cause(err, "decode config")
-	}
-	return options, nil
-}
--- a/daemon/platform.go
+++ b/daemon/platform.go
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-package daemon
-
-type PlatformHandler interface {
-	ServiceStop() error
-	ServiceReload() error
-	SystemProxyStatus() (*SystemProxyStatus, error)
-	SetSystemProxyEnabled(enabled bool) error
-	WriteDebugMessage(message string)
-}
--- a/daemon/started_service.go
+++ b/daemon/started_service.go
--- a/daemon/started_service.pb.go
+++ b/daemon/started_service.pb.go
--- a/daemon/started_service.proto
+++ b/daemon/started_service.proto
@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-
-package daemon;
-option go_package = "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/daemon";
-
-import "google/protobuf/empty.proto";
-
-service StartedService {
-  rpc StopService(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-  rpc ReloadService(google.protobuf.Empty) returns (google.protobuf.Empty);
-
-  rpc SubscribeServiceStatus(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(stream ServiceStatus) {}
-  rpc SubscribeLog(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(stream Log) {}
-  rpc GetDefaultLogLevel(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(DefaultLogLevel) {}
-  rpc ClearLogs(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-  rpc SubscribeStatus(SubscribeStatusRequest) returns(stream Status) {}
-  rpc SubscribeGroups(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(stream Groups) {}
-
-  rpc GetClashModeStatus(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(ClashModeStatus) {}
-  rpc SubscribeClashMode(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(stream ClashMode) {}
-  rpc SetClashMode(ClashMode) returns(google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-
-  rpc URLTest(URLTestRequest) returns(google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-  rpc SelectOutbound(SelectOutboundRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-  rpc SetGroupExpand(SetGroupExpandRequest) returns (google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-
-  rpc GetSystemProxyStatus(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(SystemProxyStatus) {}
-  rpc SetSystemProxyEnabled(SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest) returns(google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-
-  rpc SubscribeConnections(SubscribeConnectionsRequest) returns(stream ConnectionEvents) {}
-  rpc CloseConnection(CloseConnectionRequest) returns(google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-  rpc CloseAllConnections(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(google.protobuf.Empty) {}
-  rpc GetDeprecatedWarnings(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(DeprecatedWarnings) {}
-  rpc GetStartedAt(google.protobuf.Empty) returns(StartedAt) {}
-}
-
-message ServiceStatus {
-  enum Type {
-    IDLE = 0;
-    STARTING = 1;
-    STARTED = 2;
-    STOPPING = 3;
-    FATAL = 4;
-  }
-  Type status = 1;
-  string errorMessage = 2;
-}
-
-message ReloadServiceRequest {
-  string newProfileContent = 1;
-}
-
-message SubscribeStatusRequest {
-  int64 interval = 1;
-}
-
-enum LogLevel {
-  PANIC = 0;
-  FATAL = 1;
-  ERROR = 2;
-  WARN = 3;
-  INFO = 4;
-  DEBUG = 5;
-  TRACE = 6;
-}
-
-message Log {
-  repeated Message messages = 1;
-  bool reset = 2;
-  message Message {
-    LogLevel level = 1;
-    string message = 2;
-  }
-}
-
-message DefaultLogLevel {
-  LogLevel level = 1;
-}
-
-message Status {
-  uint64 memory = 1;
-  int32 goroutines = 2;
-  int32 connectionsIn = 3;
-  int32 connectionsOut = 4;
-  bool trafficAvailable = 5;
-  int64 uplink = 6;
-  int64 downlink = 7;
-  int64 uplinkTotal = 8;
-  int64 downlinkTotal = 9;
-}
-
-message Groups {
-  repeated Group group = 1;
-}
-
-message Group {
-  string tag = 1;
-  string type = 2;
-  bool selectable = 3;
-  string selected = 4;
-  bool isExpand = 5;
-  repeated GroupItem items = 6;
-}
-
-message GroupItem {
-  string tag = 1;
-  string type = 2;
-  int64 urlTestTime = 3;
-  int32 urlTestDelay = 4;
-}
-
-message URLTestRequest {
-  string outboundTag = 1;
-}
-
-message SelectOutboundRequest {
-  string groupTag = 1;
-  string outboundTag = 2;
-}
-
-message SetGroupExpandRequest {
-  string groupTag = 1;
-  bool isExpand = 2;
-}
-
-message ClashMode {
-  string mode = 3;
-}
-
-message ClashModeStatus {
-  repeated string modeList = 1;
-  string currentMode = 2;
-}
-
-message SystemProxyStatus {
-  bool available = 1;
-  bool enabled = 2;
-}
-
-message SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest {
-  bool enabled = 1;
-}
-
-message SubscribeConnectionsRequest {
-  int64 interval = 1;
-}
-
-enum ConnectionEventType {
-  CONNECTION_EVENT_NEW = 0;
-  CONNECTION_EVENT_UPDATE = 1;
-  CONNECTION_EVENT_CLOSED = 2;
-}
-
-message ConnectionEvent {
-  ConnectionEventType type = 1;
-  string id = 2;
-  Connection connection = 3;
-  int64 uplinkDelta = 4;
-  int64 downlinkDelta = 5;
-  int64 closedAt = 6;
-}
-
-message ConnectionEvents {
-  repeated ConnectionEvent events = 1;
-  bool reset = 2;
-}
-
-message Connection {
-  string id = 1;
-  string inbound = 2;
-  string inboundType = 3;
-  int32 ipVersion = 4;
-  string network = 5;
-  string source = 6;
-  string destination = 7;
-  string domain = 8;
-  string protocol = 9;
-  string user = 10;
-  string fromOutbound = 11;
-  int64 createdAt = 12;
-  int64 closedAt = 13;
-  int64 uplink = 14;
-  int64 downlink = 15;
-  int64 uplinkTotal = 16;
-  int64 downlinkTotal = 17;
-  string rule = 18;
-  string outbound = 19;
-  string outboundType = 20;
-  repeated string chainList = 21;
-  ProcessInfo processInfo = 22;
-}
-
-message ProcessInfo {
-  uint32 processId = 1;
-  int32 userId = 2;
-  string userName = 3;
-  string processPath = 4;
-  string packageName = 5;
-}
-
-message CloseConnectionRequest {
-  string id = 1;
-}
-
-message DeprecatedWarnings {
-  repeated DeprecatedWarning warnings = 1;
-}
-
-message DeprecatedWarning {
-  string message = 1;
-  bool impending = 2;
-  string migrationLink = 3;
-}
-
-message StartedAt {
-  int64 startedAt = 1;
-}
--- a/daemon/started_service_grpc.pb.go
+++ b/daemon/started_service_grpc.pb.go
@@ -1,916 +0,0 @@
-package daemon
-
-import (
-	context "context"
-
-	grpc "google.golang.org/grpc"
-	codes "google.golang.org/grpc/codes"
-	status "google.golang.org/grpc/status"
-	emptypb "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/emptypb"
-)
-
-// This is a compile-time assertion to ensure that this generated file
-// is compatible with the grpc package it is being compiled against.
-// Requires gRPC-Go v1.64.0 or later.
-const _ = grpc.SupportPackageIsVersion9
-
-const (
-	StartedService_StopService_FullMethodName            = "/daemon.StartedService/StopService"
-	StartedService_ReloadService_FullMethodName          = "/daemon.StartedService/ReloadService"
-	StartedService_SubscribeServiceStatus_FullMethodName = "/daemon.StartedService/SubscribeServiceStatus"
-	StartedService_SubscribeLog_FullMethodName           = "/daemon.StartedService/SubscribeLog"
-	StartedService_GetDefaultLogLevel_FullMethodName     = "/daemon.StartedService/GetDefaultLogLevel"
-	StartedService_ClearLogs_FullMethodName              = "/daemon.StartedService/ClearLogs"
-	StartedService_SubscribeStatus_FullMethodName        = "/daemon.StartedService/SubscribeStatus"
-	StartedService_SubscribeGroups_FullMethodName        = "/daemon.StartedService/SubscribeGroups"
-	StartedService_GetClashModeStatus_FullMethodName     = "/daemon.StartedService/GetClashModeStatus"
-	StartedService_SubscribeClashMode_FullMethodName     = "/daemon.StartedService/SubscribeClashMode"
-	StartedService_SetClashMode_FullMethodName           = "/daemon.StartedService/SetClashMode"
-	StartedService_URLTest_FullMethodName                = "/daemon.StartedService/URLTest"
-	StartedService_SelectOutbound_FullMethodName         = "/daemon.StartedService/SelectOutbound"
-	StartedService_SetGroupExpand_FullMethodName         = "/daemon.StartedService/SetGroupExpand"
-	StartedService_GetSystemProxyStatus_FullMethodName   = "/daemon.StartedService/GetSystemProxyStatus"
-	StartedService_SetSystemProxyEnabled_FullMethodName  = "/daemon.StartedService/SetSystemProxyEnabled"
-	StartedService_SubscribeConnections_FullMethodName   = "/daemon.StartedService/SubscribeConnections"
-	StartedService_CloseConnection_FullMethodName        = "/daemon.StartedService/CloseConnection"
-	StartedService_CloseAllConnections_FullMethodName    = "/daemon.StartedService/CloseAllConnections"
-	StartedService_GetDeprecatedWarnings_FullMethodName  = "/daemon.StartedService/GetDeprecatedWarnings"
-	StartedService_GetStartedAt_FullMethodName           = "/daemon.StartedService/GetStartedAt"
-)
-
-// StartedServiceClient is the client API for StartedService service.
-//
-// For semantics around ctx use and closing/ending streaming RPCs, please refer to https://pkg.go.dev/google.golang.org/grpc/?tab=doc#ClientConn.NewStream.
-type StartedServiceClient interface {
-	StopService(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	ReloadService(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SubscribeServiceStatus(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ServiceStatus], error)
-	SubscribeLog(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Log], error)
-	GetDefaultLogLevel(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*DefaultLogLevel, error)
-	ClearLogs(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SubscribeStatus(ctx context.Context, in *SubscribeStatusRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Status], error)
-	SubscribeGroups(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Groups], error)
-	GetClashModeStatus(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ClashModeStatus, error)
-	SubscribeClashMode(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ClashMode], error)
-	SetClashMode(ctx context.Context, in *ClashMode, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	URLTest(ctx context.Context, in *URLTestRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SelectOutbound(ctx context.Context, in *SelectOutboundRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SetGroupExpand(ctx context.Context, in *SetGroupExpandRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	GetSystemProxyStatus(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*SystemProxyStatus, error)
-	SetSystemProxyEnabled(ctx context.Context, in *SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SubscribeConnections(ctx context.Context, in *SubscribeConnectionsRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ConnectionEvents], error)
-	CloseConnection(ctx context.Context, in *CloseConnectionRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	CloseAllConnections(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	GetDeprecatedWarnings(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*DeprecatedWarnings, error)
-	GetStartedAt(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*StartedAt, error)
-}
-
-type startedServiceClient struct {
-	cc grpc.ClientConnInterface
-}
-
-func NewStartedServiceClient(cc grpc.ClientConnInterface) StartedServiceClient {
-	return &startedServiceClient{cc}
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) StopService(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_StopService_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) ReloadService(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_ReloadService_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SubscribeServiceStatus(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ServiceStatus], error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &StartedService_ServiceDesc.Streams[0], StartedService_SubscribeServiceStatus_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[emptypb.Empty, ServiceStatus]{ClientStream: stream}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.SendMsg(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeServiceStatusClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ServiceStatus]
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SubscribeLog(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Log], error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &StartedService_ServiceDesc.Streams[1], StartedService_SubscribeLog_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[emptypb.Empty, Log]{ClientStream: stream}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.SendMsg(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeLogClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Log]
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) GetDefaultLogLevel(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*DefaultLogLevel, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(DefaultLogLevel)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_GetDefaultLogLevel_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) ClearLogs(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_ClearLogs_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SubscribeStatus(ctx context.Context, in *SubscribeStatusRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Status], error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &StartedService_ServiceDesc.Streams[2], StartedService_SubscribeStatus_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[SubscribeStatusRequest, Status]{ClientStream: stream}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.SendMsg(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeStatusClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Status]
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SubscribeGroups(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Groups], error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &StartedService_ServiceDesc.Streams[3], StartedService_SubscribeGroups_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[emptypb.Empty, Groups]{ClientStream: stream}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.SendMsg(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeGroupsClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[Groups]
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) GetClashModeStatus(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*ClashModeStatus, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(ClashModeStatus)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_GetClashModeStatus_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SubscribeClashMode(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ClashMode], error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &StartedService_ServiceDesc.Streams[4], StartedService_SubscribeClashMode_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[emptypb.Empty, ClashMode]{ClientStream: stream}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.SendMsg(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeClashModeClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ClashMode]
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SetClashMode(ctx context.Context, in *ClashMode, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_SetClashMode_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) URLTest(ctx context.Context, in *URLTestRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_URLTest_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SelectOutbound(ctx context.Context, in *SelectOutboundRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_SelectOutbound_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SetGroupExpand(ctx context.Context, in *SetGroupExpandRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_SetGroupExpand_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) GetSystemProxyStatus(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*SystemProxyStatus, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(SystemProxyStatus)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_GetSystemProxyStatus_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SetSystemProxyEnabled(ctx context.Context, in *SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_SetSystemProxyEnabled_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) SubscribeConnections(ctx context.Context, in *SubscribeConnectionsRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ConnectionEvents], error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	stream, err := c.cc.NewStream(ctx, &StartedService_ServiceDesc.Streams[5], StartedService_SubscribeConnections_FullMethodName, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	x := &grpc.GenericClientStream[SubscribeConnectionsRequest, ConnectionEvents]{ClientStream: stream}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.SendMsg(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := x.ClientStream.CloseSend(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return x, nil
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeConnectionsClient = grpc.ServerStreamingClient[ConnectionEvents]
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) CloseConnection(ctx context.Context, in *CloseConnectionRequest, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_CloseConnection_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) CloseAllConnections(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_CloseAllConnections_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) GetDeprecatedWarnings(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*DeprecatedWarnings, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(DeprecatedWarnings)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_GetDeprecatedWarnings_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *startedServiceClient) GetStartedAt(ctx context.Context, in *emptypb.Empty, opts ...grpc.CallOption) (*StartedAt, error) {
-	cOpts := append([]grpc.CallOption{grpc.StaticMethod()}, opts...)
-	out := new(StartedAt)
-	err := c.cc.Invoke(ctx, StartedService_GetStartedAt_FullMethodName, in, out, cOpts...)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-// StartedServiceServer is the server API for StartedService service.
-// All implementations must embed UnimplementedStartedServiceServer
-// for forward compatibility.
-type StartedServiceServer interface {
-	StopService(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	ReloadService(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SubscribeServiceStatus(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ServiceStatus]) error
-	SubscribeLog(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Log]) error
-	GetDefaultLogLevel(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*DefaultLogLevel, error)
-	ClearLogs(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SubscribeStatus(*SubscribeStatusRequest, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Status]) error
-	SubscribeGroups(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Groups]) error
-	GetClashModeStatus(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*ClashModeStatus, error)
-	SubscribeClashMode(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ClashMode]) error
-	SetClashMode(context.Context, *ClashMode) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	URLTest(context.Context, *URLTestRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SelectOutbound(context.Context, *SelectOutboundRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SetGroupExpand(context.Context, *SetGroupExpandRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	GetSystemProxyStatus(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*SystemProxyStatus, error)
-	SetSystemProxyEnabled(context.Context, *SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	SubscribeConnections(*SubscribeConnectionsRequest, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ConnectionEvents]) error
-	CloseConnection(context.Context, *CloseConnectionRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	CloseAllConnections(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error)
-	GetDeprecatedWarnings(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*DeprecatedWarnings, error)
-	GetStartedAt(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*StartedAt, error)
-	mustEmbedUnimplementedStartedServiceServer()
-}
-
-// UnimplementedStartedServiceServer must be embedded to have
-// forward compatible implementations.
-//
-// NOTE: this should be embedded by value instead of pointer to avoid a nil
-// pointer dereference when methods are called.
-type UnimplementedStartedServiceServer struct{}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) StopService(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method StopService not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) ReloadService(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method ReloadService not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SubscribeServiceStatus(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ServiceStatus]) error {
-	return status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubscribeServiceStatus not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SubscribeLog(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Log]) error {
-	return status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubscribeLog not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) GetDefaultLogLevel(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*DefaultLogLevel, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetDefaultLogLevel not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) ClearLogs(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method ClearLogs not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SubscribeStatus(*SubscribeStatusRequest, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Status]) error {
-	return status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubscribeStatus not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SubscribeGroups(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Groups]) error {
-	return status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubscribeGroups not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) GetClashModeStatus(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*ClashModeStatus, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetClashModeStatus not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SubscribeClashMode(*emptypb.Empty, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ClashMode]) error {
-	return status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubscribeClashMode not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SetClashMode(context.Context, *ClashMode) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SetClashMode not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) URLTest(context.Context, *URLTestRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method URLTest not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SelectOutbound(context.Context, *SelectOutboundRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SelectOutbound not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SetGroupExpand(context.Context, *SetGroupExpandRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SetGroupExpand not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) GetSystemProxyStatus(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*SystemProxyStatus, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetSystemProxyStatus not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SetSystemProxyEnabled(context.Context, *SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SetSystemProxyEnabled not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) SubscribeConnections(*SubscribeConnectionsRequest, grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ConnectionEvents]) error {
-	return status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method SubscribeConnections not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) CloseConnection(context.Context, *CloseConnectionRequest) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method CloseConnection not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) CloseAllConnections(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*emptypb.Empty, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method CloseAllConnections not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) GetDeprecatedWarnings(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*DeprecatedWarnings, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetDeprecatedWarnings not implemented")
-}
-
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) GetStartedAt(context.Context, *emptypb.Empty) (*StartedAt, error) {
-	return nil, status.Error(codes.Unimplemented, "method GetStartedAt not implemented")
-}
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) mustEmbedUnimplementedStartedServiceServer() {}
-func (UnimplementedStartedServiceServer) testEmbeddedByValue()                        {}
-
-// UnsafeStartedServiceServer may be embedded to opt out of forward compatibility for this service.
-// Use of this interface is not recommended, as added methods to StartedServiceServer will
-// result in compilation errors.
-type UnsafeStartedServiceServer interface {
-	mustEmbedUnimplementedStartedServiceServer()
-}
-
-func RegisterStartedServiceServer(s grpc.ServiceRegistrar, srv StartedServiceServer) {
-	// If the following call panics, it indicates UnimplementedStartedServiceServer was
-	// embedded by pointer and is nil.  This will cause panics if an
-	// unimplemented method is ever invoked, so we test this at initialization
-	// time to prevent it from happening at runtime later due to I/O.
-	if t, ok := srv.(interface{ testEmbeddedByValue() }); ok {
-		t.testEmbeddedByValue()
-	}
-	s.RegisterService(&StartedService_ServiceDesc, srv)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_StopService_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).StopService(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_StopService_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).StopService(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_ReloadService_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).ReloadService(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_ReloadService_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).ReloadService(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SubscribeServiceStatus_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
-	m := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := stream.RecvMsg(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SubscribeServiceStatus(m, &grpc.GenericServerStream[emptypb.Empty, ServiceStatus]{ServerStream: stream})
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeServiceStatusServer = grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ServiceStatus]
-
-func _StartedService_SubscribeLog_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
-	m := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := stream.RecvMsg(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SubscribeLog(m, &grpc.GenericServerStream[emptypb.Empty, Log]{ServerStream: stream})
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeLogServer = grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Log]
-
-func _StartedService_GetDefaultLogLevel_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetDefaultLogLevel(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_GetDefaultLogLevel_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetDefaultLogLevel(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_ClearLogs_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).ClearLogs(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_ClearLogs_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).ClearLogs(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SubscribeStatus_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
-	m := new(SubscribeStatusRequest)
-	if err := stream.RecvMsg(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SubscribeStatus(m, &grpc.GenericServerStream[SubscribeStatusRequest, Status]{ServerStream: stream})
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeStatusServer = grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Status]
-
-func _StartedService_SubscribeGroups_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
-	m := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := stream.RecvMsg(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SubscribeGroups(m, &grpc.GenericServerStream[emptypb.Empty, Groups]{ServerStream: stream})
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeGroupsServer = grpc.ServerStreamingServer[Groups]
-
-func _StartedService_GetClashModeStatus_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetClashModeStatus(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_GetClashModeStatus_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetClashModeStatus(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SubscribeClashMode_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
-	m := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := stream.RecvMsg(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SubscribeClashMode(m, &grpc.GenericServerStream[emptypb.Empty, ClashMode]{ServerStream: stream})
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeClashModeServer = grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ClashMode]
-
-func _StartedService_SetClashMode_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(ClashMode)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SetClashMode(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_SetClashMode_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SetClashMode(ctx, req.(*ClashMode))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_URLTest_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(URLTestRequest)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).URLTest(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_URLTest_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).URLTest(ctx, req.(*URLTestRequest))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SelectOutbound_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(SelectOutboundRequest)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SelectOutbound(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_SelectOutbound_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SelectOutbound(ctx, req.(*SelectOutboundRequest))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SetGroupExpand_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(SetGroupExpandRequest)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SetGroupExpand(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_SetGroupExpand_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SetGroupExpand(ctx, req.(*SetGroupExpandRequest))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_GetSystemProxyStatus_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetSystemProxyStatus(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_GetSystemProxyStatus_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetSystemProxyStatus(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SetSystemProxyEnabled_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SetSystemProxyEnabled(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_SetSystemProxyEnabled_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SetSystemProxyEnabled(ctx, req.(*SetSystemProxyEnabledRequest))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_SubscribeConnections_Handler(srv interface{}, stream grpc.ServerStream) error {
-	m := new(SubscribeConnectionsRequest)
-	if err := stream.RecvMsg(m); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return srv.(StartedServiceServer).SubscribeConnections(m, &grpc.GenericServerStream[SubscribeConnectionsRequest, ConnectionEvents]{ServerStream: stream})
-}
-
-// This type alias is provided for backwards compatibility with existing code that references the prior non-generic stream type by name.
-type StartedService_SubscribeConnectionsServer = grpc.ServerStreamingServer[ConnectionEvents]
-
-func _StartedService_CloseConnection_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(CloseConnectionRequest)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).CloseConnection(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_CloseConnection_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).CloseConnection(ctx, req.(*CloseConnectionRequest))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_CloseAllConnections_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).CloseAllConnections(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_CloseAllConnections_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).CloseAllConnections(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_GetDeprecatedWarnings_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetDeprecatedWarnings(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_GetDeprecatedWarnings_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetDeprecatedWarnings(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-func _StartedService_GetStartedAt_Handler(srv interface{}, ctx context.Context, dec func(interface{}) error, interceptor grpc.UnaryServerInterceptor) (interface{}, error) {
-	in := new(emptypb.Empty)
-	if err := dec(in); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if interceptor == nil {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetStartedAt(ctx, in)
-	}
-	info := &grpc.UnaryServerInfo{
-		Server:     srv,
-		FullMethod: StartedService_GetStartedAt_FullMethodName,
-	}
-	handler := func(ctx context.Context, req interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
-		return srv.(StartedServiceServer).GetStartedAt(ctx, req.(*emptypb.Empty))
-	}
-	return interceptor(ctx, in, info, handler)
-}
-
-// StartedService_ServiceDesc is the grpc.ServiceDesc for StartedService service.
-// It's only intended for direct use with grpc.RegisterService,
-// and not to be introspected or modified (even as a copy)
-var StartedService_ServiceDesc = grpc.ServiceDesc{
-	ServiceName: "daemon.StartedService",
-	HandlerType: (*StartedServiceServer)(nil),
-	Methods: []grpc.MethodDesc{
-		{
-			MethodName: "StopService",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_StopService_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "ReloadService",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_ReloadService_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "GetDefaultLogLevel",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_GetDefaultLogLevel_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "ClearLogs",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_ClearLogs_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "GetClashModeStatus",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_GetClashModeStatus_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "SetClashMode",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_SetClashMode_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "URLTest",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_URLTest_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "SelectOutbound",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_SelectOutbound_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "SetGroupExpand",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_SetGroupExpand_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "GetSystemProxyStatus",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_GetSystemProxyStatus_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "SetSystemProxyEnabled",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_SetSystemProxyEnabled_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "CloseConnection",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_CloseConnection_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "CloseAllConnections",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_CloseAllConnections_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "GetDeprecatedWarnings",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_GetDeprecatedWarnings_Handler,
-		},
-		{
-			MethodName: "GetStartedAt",
-			Handler:    _StartedService_GetStartedAt_Handler,
-		},
-	},
-	Streams: []grpc.StreamDesc{
-		{
-			StreamName:    "SubscribeServiceStatus",
-			Handler:       _StartedService_SubscribeServiceStatus_Handler,
-			ServerStreams: true,
-		},
-		{
-			StreamName:    "SubscribeLog",
-			Handler:       _StartedService_SubscribeLog_Handler,
-			ServerStreams: true,
-		},
-		{
-			StreamName:    "SubscribeStatus",
-			Handler:       _StartedService_SubscribeStatus_Handler,
-			ServerStreams: true,
-		},
-		{
-			StreamName:    "SubscribeGroups",
-			Handler:       _StartedService_SubscribeGroups_Handler,
-			ServerStreams: true,
-		},
-		{
-			StreamName:    "SubscribeClashMode",
-			Handler:       _StartedService_SubscribeClashMode_Handler,
-			ServerStreams: true,
-		},
-		{
-			StreamName:    "SubscribeConnections",
-			Handler:       _StartedService_SubscribeConnections_Handler,
-			ServerStreams: true,
-		},
-	},
-	Metadata: "daemon/started_service.proto",
-}
--- a/dns/client.go
+++ b/dns/client.go
@@ -144,11 +144,7 @@ func (c *Client) Exchange(ctx context.Context, transport adapter.DNSTransport, m
 		if c.cache != nil {
 			cond, loaded := c.cacheLock.LoadOrStore(question, make(chan struct{}))
 			if loaded {
-				select {
-				case <-cond:
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					return nil, ctx.Err()
-				}
+				<-cond
 			} else {
 				defer func() {
 					c.cacheLock.Delete(question)
@@ -158,11 +154,7 @@ func (c *Client) Exchange(ctx context.Context, transport adapter.DNSTransport, m
 		} else if c.transportCache != nil {
 			cond, loaded := c.transportCacheLock.LoadOrStore(question, make(chan struct{}))
 			if loaded {
-				select {
-				case <-cond:
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					return nil, ctx.Err()
-				}
+				<-cond
 			} else {
 				defer func() {
 					c.transportCacheLock.Delete(question)
@@ -361,6 +353,68 @@ func (c *Client) ClearCache() {
 	}
 }

+func (c *Client) LookupCache(domain string, strategy C.DomainStrategy) ([]netip.Addr, bool) {
+	if c.disableCache || c.independentCache {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if dns.IsFqdn(domain) {
+		domain = domain[:len(domain)-1]
+	}
+	dnsName := dns.Fqdn(domain)
+	if strategy == C.DomainStrategyIPv4Only {
+		addresses, err := c.questionCache(dns.Question{
+			Name:   dnsName,
+			Qtype:  dns.TypeA,
+			Qclass: dns.ClassINET,
+		}, nil)
+		if err != ErrNotCached {
+			return addresses, true
+		}
+	} else if strategy == C.DomainStrategyIPv6Only {
+		addresses, err := c.questionCache(dns.Question{
+			Name:   dnsName,
+			Qtype:  dns.TypeAAAA,
+			Qclass: dns.ClassINET,
+		}, nil)
+		if err != ErrNotCached {
+			return addresses, true
+		}
+	} else {
+		response4, _ := c.loadResponse(dns.Question{
+			Name:   dnsName,
+			Qtype:  dns.TypeA,
+			Qclass: dns.ClassINET,
+		}, nil)
+		if response4 == nil {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		response6, _ := c.loadResponse(dns.Question{
+			Name:   dnsName,
+			Qtype:  dns.TypeAAAA,
+			Qclass: dns.ClassINET,
+		}, nil)
+		if response6 == nil {
+			return nil, false
+		}
+		return sortAddresses(MessageToAddresses(response4), MessageToAddresses(response6), strategy), true
+	}
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+func (c *Client) ExchangeCache(ctx context.Context, message *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, bool) {
+	if c.disableCache || c.independentCache || len(message.Question) != 1 {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	question := message.Question[0]
+	response, ttl := c.loadResponse(question, nil)
+	if response == nil {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	logCachedResponse(c.logger, ctx, response, ttl)
+	response.Id = message.Id
+	return response, true
+}
+
 func sortAddresses(response4 []netip.Addr, response6 []netip.Addr, strategy C.DomainStrategy) []netip.Addr {
 	if strategy == C.DomainStrategyPreferIPv6 {
 		return append(response6, response4...)
--- a/dns/router.go
+++ b/dns/router.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/taskmonitor"
 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/experimental/libbox/platform"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
 	R "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/route/rule"
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ type Router struct {
 	rules                 []adapter.DNSRule
 	defaultDomainStrategy C.DomainStrategy
 	dnsReverseMapping     freelru.Cache[netip.Addr, string]
-	platformInterface     adapter.PlatformInterface
+	platformInterface     platform.Interface
 }

 func NewRouter(ctx context.Context, logFactory log.Factory, options option.DNSOptions) *Router {
@@ -213,94 +214,96 @@ func (r *Router) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, options adapte
 	}
 	r.logger.DebugContext(ctx, "exchange ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String()))
 	var (
-		response  *mDNS.Msg
 		transport adapter.DNSTransport
 		err       error
 	)
-	var metadata *adapter.InboundContext
-	ctx, metadata = adapter.ExtendContext(ctx)
-	metadata.Destination = M.Socksaddr{}
-	metadata.QueryType = message.Question[0].Qtype
-	switch metadata.QueryType {
-	case mDNS.TypeA:
-		metadata.IPVersion = 4
-	case mDNS.TypeAAAA:
-		metadata.IPVersion = 6
-	}
-	metadata.Domain = FqdnToDomain(message.Question[0].Name)
-	if options.Transport != nil {
-		transport = options.Transport
-		if legacyTransport, isLegacy := transport.(adapter.LegacyDNSTransport); isLegacy {
+	response, cached := r.client.ExchangeCache(ctx, message)
+	if !cached {
+		var metadata *adapter.InboundContext
+		ctx, metadata = adapter.ExtendContext(ctx)
+		metadata.Destination = M.Socksaddr{}
+		metadata.QueryType = message.Question[0].Qtype
+		switch metadata.QueryType {
+		case mDNS.TypeA:
+			metadata.IPVersion = 4
+		case mDNS.TypeAAAA:
+			metadata.IPVersion = 6
+		}
+		metadata.Domain = FqdnToDomain(message.Question[0].Name)
+		if options.Transport != nil {
+			transport = options.Transport
+			if legacyTransport, isLegacy := transport.(adapter.LegacyDNSTransport); isLegacy {
+				if options.Strategy == C.DomainStrategyAsIS {
+					options.Strategy = legacyTransport.LegacyStrategy()
+				}
+				if !options.ClientSubnet.IsValid() {
+					options.ClientSubnet = legacyTransport.LegacyClientSubnet()
+				}
+			}
 			if options.Strategy == C.DomainStrategyAsIS {
-				options.Strategy = legacyTransport.LegacyStrategy()
+				options.Strategy = r.defaultDomainStrategy
 			}
-			if !options.ClientSubnet.IsValid() {
-				options.ClientSubnet = legacyTransport.LegacyClientSubnet()
-			}
-		}
-		if options.Strategy == C.DomainStrategyAsIS {
-			options.Strategy = r.defaultDomainStrategy
-		}
-		response, err = r.client.Exchange(ctx, transport, message, options, nil)
-	} else {
-		var (
-			rule      adapter.DNSRule
-			ruleIndex int
-		)
-		ruleIndex = -1
-		for {
-			dnsCtx := adapter.OverrideContext(ctx)
-			dnsOptions := options
-			transport, rule, ruleIndex = r.matchDNS(ctx, true, ruleIndex, isAddressQuery(message), &dnsOptions)
-			if rule != nil {
-				switch action := rule.Action().(type) {
-				case *R.RuleActionReject:
-					switch action.Method {
-					case C.RuleActionRejectMethodDefault:
-						return &mDNS.Msg{
-							MsgHdr: mDNS.MsgHdr{
-								Id:       message.Id,
-								Rcode:    mDNS.RcodeRefused,
-								Response: true,
-							},
-							Question: []mDNS.Question{message.Question[0]},
-						}, nil
-					case C.RuleActionRejectMethodDrop:
-						return nil, tun.ErrDrop
+			response, err = r.client.Exchange(ctx, transport, message, options, nil)
+		} else {
+			var (
+				rule      adapter.DNSRule
+				ruleIndex int
+			)
+			ruleIndex = -1
+			for {
+				dnsCtx := adapter.OverrideContext(ctx)
+				dnsOptions := options
+				transport, rule, ruleIndex = r.matchDNS(ctx, true, ruleIndex, isAddressQuery(message), &dnsOptions)
+				if rule != nil {
+					switch action := rule.Action().(type) {
+					case *R.RuleActionReject:
+						switch action.Method {
+						case C.RuleActionRejectMethodDefault:
+							return &mDNS.Msg{
+								MsgHdr: mDNS.MsgHdr{
+									Id:       message.Id,
+									Rcode:    mDNS.RcodeRefused,
+									Response: true,
+								},
+								Question: []mDNS.Question{message.Question[0]},
+							}, nil
+						case C.RuleActionRejectMethodDrop:
+							return nil, tun.ErrDrop
+						}
+					case *R.RuleActionPredefined:
+						return action.Response(message), nil
 					}
-				case *R.RuleActionPredefined:
-					return action.Response(message), nil
 				}
-			}
-			var responseCheck func(responseAddrs []netip.Addr) bool
-			if rule != nil && rule.WithAddressLimit() {
-				responseCheck = func(responseAddrs []netip.Addr) bool {
-					metadata.DestinationAddresses = responseAddrs
-					return rule.MatchAddressLimit(metadata)
+				var responseCheck func(responseAddrs []netip.Addr) bool
+				if rule != nil && rule.WithAddressLimit() {
+					responseCheck = func(responseAddrs []netip.Addr) bool {
+						metadata.DestinationAddresses = responseAddrs
+						return rule.MatchAddressLimit(metadata)
+					}
 				}
-			}
-			if dnsOptions.Strategy == C.DomainStrategyAsIS {
-				dnsOptions.Strategy = r.defaultDomainStrategy
-			}
-			response, err = r.client.Exchange(dnsCtx, transport, message, dnsOptions, responseCheck)
-			var rejected bool
-			if err != nil {
-				if errors.Is(err, ErrResponseRejectedCached) {
-					rejected = true
-					r.logger.DebugContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "response rejected for ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String())), " (cached)")
-				} else if errors.Is(err, ErrResponseRejected) {
-					rejected = true
-					r.logger.DebugContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "response rejected for ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String())))
-				} else if len(message.Question) > 0 {
-					r.logger.ErrorContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "exchange failed for ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String())))
-				} else {
-					r.logger.ErrorContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "exchange failed for <empty query>"))
+				if dnsOptions.Strategy == C.DomainStrategyAsIS {
+					dnsOptions.Strategy = r.defaultDomainStrategy
 				}
+				response, err = r.client.Exchange(dnsCtx, transport, message, dnsOptions, responseCheck)
+				var rejected bool
+				if err != nil {
+					if errors.Is(err, ErrResponseRejectedCached) {
+						rejected = true
+						r.logger.DebugContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "response rejected for ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String())), " (cached)")
+					} else if errors.Is(err, ErrResponseRejected) {
+						rejected = true
+						r.logger.DebugContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "response rejected for ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String())))
+					} else if len(message.Question) > 0 {
+						r.logger.ErrorContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "exchange failed for ", FormatQuestion(message.Question[0].String())))
+					} else {
+						r.logger.ErrorContext(ctx, E.Cause(err, "exchange failed for <empty query>"))
+					}
+				}
+				if responseCheck != nil && rejected {
+					continue
+				}
+				break
 			}
-			if responseCheck != nil && rejected {
-				continue
-			}
-			break
 		}
 	}
 	if err != nil {
@@ -324,6 +327,7 @@ func (r *Router) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, options adapte
 func (r *Router) Lookup(ctx context.Context, domain string, options adapter.DNSQueryOptions) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
 	var (
 		responseAddrs []netip.Addr
+		cached        bool
 		err           error
 	)
 	printResult := func() {
@@ -343,6 +347,13 @@ func (r *Router) Lookup(ctx context.Context, domain string, options adapter.DNSQ
 			err = E.Cause(err, "lookup ", domain)
 		}
 	}
+	responseAddrs, cached = r.client.LookupCache(domain, options.Strategy)
+	if cached {
+		if len(responseAddrs) == 0 {
+			return nil, E.New("lookup ", domain, ": empty result (cached)")
+		}
+		return responseAddrs, nil
+	}
 	r.logger.DebugContext(ctx, "lookup domain ", domain)
 	ctx, metadata := adapter.ExtendContext(ctx)
 	metadata.Destination = M.Socksaddr{}
@@ -377,11 +388,9 @@ func (r *Router) Lookup(ctx context.Context, domain string, options adapter.DNSQ
 				case *R.RuleActionReject:
 					return nil, &R.RejectedError{Cause: action.Error(ctx)}
 				case *R.RuleActionPredefined:
-					responseAddrs = nil
 					if action.Rcode != mDNS.RcodeSuccess {
 						err = RcodeError(action.Rcode)
 					} else {
-						err = nil
 						for _, answer := range action.Answer {
 							switch record := answer.(type) {
 							case *mDNS.A:
@@ -446,6 +455,6 @@ func (r *Router) LookupReverseMapping(ip netip.Addr) (string, bool) {
 func (r *Router) ResetNetwork() {
 	r.ClearCache()
 	for _, transport := range r.transport.Transports() {
-		transport.Reset()
+		transport.Close()
 	}
 }
--- a/dns/transport/base.go
+++ b/dns/transport/base.go
@@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
-package transport
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"os"
-	"sync"
-
-	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/dns"
-	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
-)
-
-type TransportState int
-
-const (
-	StateNew TransportState = iota
-	StateStarted
-	StateClosing
-	StateClosed
-)
-
-var (
-	ErrTransportClosed = os.ErrClosed
-	ErrConnectionReset = E.New("connection reset")
-)
-
-type BaseTransport struct {
-	dns.TransportAdapter
-	Logger logger.ContextLogger
-
-	mutex           sync.Mutex
-	state           TransportState
-	inFlight        int32
-	queriesComplete chan struct{}
-	closeCtx        context.Context
-	closeCancel     context.CancelFunc
-}
-
-func NewBaseTransport(adapter dns.TransportAdapter, logger logger.ContextLogger) *BaseTransport {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	return &BaseTransport{
-		TransportAdapter: adapter,
-		Logger:           logger,
-		state:            StateNew,
-		closeCtx:         ctx,
-		closeCancel:      cancel,
-	}
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) State() TransportState {
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	defer t.mutex.Unlock()
-	return t.state
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) SetStarted() error {
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	defer t.mutex.Unlock()
-	switch t.state {
-	case StateNew:
-		t.state = StateStarted
-		return nil
-	case StateStarted:
-		return nil
-	default:
-		return ErrTransportClosed
-	}
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) BeginQuery() bool {
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	defer t.mutex.Unlock()
-	if t.state != StateStarted {
-		return false
-	}
-	t.inFlight++
-	return true
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) EndQuery() {
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-	if t.inFlight > 0 {
-		t.inFlight--
-	}
-	if t.inFlight == 0 && t.queriesComplete != nil {
-		close(t.queriesComplete)
-		t.queriesComplete = nil
-	}
-	t.mutex.Unlock()
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) CloseContext() context.Context {
-	return t.closeCtx
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) Shutdown(ctx context.Context) error {
-	t.mutex.Lock()
-
-	if t.state >= StateClosing {
-		t.mutex.Unlock()
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if t.state == StateNew {
-		t.state = StateClosed
-		t.mutex.Unlock()
-		t.closeCancel()
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	t.state = StateClosing
-
-	if t.inFlight == 0 {
-		t.state = StateClosed
-		t.mutex.Unlock()
-		t.closeCancel()
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	t.queriesComplete = make(chan struct{})
-	queriesComplete := t.queriesComplete
-	t.mutex.Unlock()
-
-	t.closeCancel()
-
-	select {
-	case <-queriesComplete:
-		t.mutex.Lock()
-		t.state = StateClosed
-		t.mutex.Unlock()
-		return nil
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		t.mutex.Lock()
-		t.state = StateClosed
-		t.mutex.Unlock()
-		return ctx.Err()
-	}
-}
-
-func (t *BaseTransport) Close() error {
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), C.TCPTimeout)
-	defer cancel()
-	return t.Shutdown(ctx)
-}
--- a/dns/transport/connector.go
+++ b/dns/transport/connector.go
@@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
-package transport
-
-import (
-	"context"
-	"net"
-	"sync"
-)
-
-type ConnectorCallbacks[T any] struct {
-	IsClosed func(connection T) bool
-	Close    func(connection T)
-	Reset    func(connection T)
-}
-
-type Connector[T any] struct {
-	dial      func(ctx context.Context) (T, error)
-	callbacks ConnectorCallbacks[T]
-
-	access        sync.Mutex
-	connection    T
-	hasConnection bool
-	connecting    chan struct{}
-
-	closeCtx context.Context
-	closed   bool
-}
-
-func NewConnector[T any](closeCtx context.Context, dial func(context.Context) (T, error), callbacks ConnectorCallbacks[T]) *Connector[T] {
-	return &Connector[T]{
-		dial:      dial,
-		callbacks: callbacks,
-		closeCtx:  closeCtx,
-	}
-}
-
-func NewSingleflightConnector(closeCtx context.Context, dial func(context.Context) (*Connection, error)) *Connector[*Connection] {
-	return NewConnector(closeCtx, dial, ConnectorCallbacks[*Connection]{
-		IsClosed: func(connection *Connection) bool {
-			return connection.IsClosed()
-		},
-		Close: func(connection *Connection) {
-			connection.CloseWithError(ErrTransportClosed)
-		},
-		Reset: func(connection *Connection) {
-			connection.CloseWithError(ErrConnectionReset)
-		},
-	})
-}
-
-func (c *Connector[T]) Get(ctx context.Context) (T, error) {
-	var zero T
-	for {
-		c.access.Lock()
-
-		if c.closed {
-			c.access.Unlock()
-			return zero, ErrTransportClosed
-		}
-
-		if c.hasConnection && !c.callbacks.IsClosed(c.connection) {
-			connection := c.connection
-			c.access.Unlock()
-			return connection, nil
-		}
-
-		c.hasConnection = false
-
-		if c.connecting != nil {
-			connecting := c.connecting
-			c.access.Unlock()
-
-			select {
-			case <-connecting:
-				continue
-			case <-ctx.Done():
-				return zero, ctx.Err()
-			case <-c.closeCtx.Done():
-				return zero, ErrTransportClosed
-			}
-		}
-
-		c.connecting = make(chan struct{})
-		c.access.Unlock()
-
-		connection, err := c.dialWithCancellation(ctx)
-
-		c.access.Lock()
-		close(c.connecting)
-		c.connecting = nil
-
-		if err != nil {
-			c.access.Unlock()
-			return zero, err
-		}
-
-		if c.closed {
-			c.callbacks.Close(connection)
-			c.access.Unlock()
-			return zero, ErrTransportClosed
-		}
-
-		c.connection = connection
-		c.hasConnection = true
-		result := c.connection
-		c.access.Unlock()
-
-		return result, nil
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *Connector[T]) dialWithCancellation(ctx context.Context) (T, error) {
-	dialCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
-	defer cancel()
-
-	go func() {
-		select {
-		case <-c.closeCtx.Done():
-			cancel()
-		case <-dialCtx.Done():
-		}
-	}()
-
-	return c.dial(dialCtx)
-}
-
-func (c *Connector[T]) Close() error {
-	c.access.Lock()
-	defer c.access.Unlock()
-
-	if c.closed {
-		return nil
-	}
-	c.closed = true
-
-	if c.hasConnection {
-		c.callbacks.Close(c.connection)
-		c.hasConnection = false
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *Connector[T]) Reset() {
-	c.access.Lock()
-	defer c.access.Unlock()
-
-	if c.hasConnection {
-		c.callbacks.Reset(c.connection)
-		c.hasConnection = false
-	}
-}
-
-type Connection struct {
-	net.Conn
-
-	closeOnce  sync.Once
-	done       chan struct{}
-	closeError error
-}
-
-func WrapConnection(conn net.Conn) *Connection {
-	return &Connection{
-		Conn: conn,
-		done: make(chan struct{}),
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *Connection) Done() <-chan struct{} {
-	return c.done
-}
-
-func (c *Connection) IsClosed() bool {
-	select {
-	case <-c.done:
-		return true
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *Connection) CloseError() error {
-	select {
-	case <-c.done:
-		if c.closeError != nil {
-			return c.closeError
-		}
-		return ErrTransportClosed
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *Connection) Close() error {
-	return c.CloseWithError(ErrTransportClosed)
-}
-
-func (c *Connection) CloseWithError(err error) error {
-	var returnError error
-	c.closeOnce.Do(func() {
-		c.closeError = err
-		returnError = c.Conn.Close()
-		close(c.done)
-	})
-	return returnError
-}
--- a/dns/transport/dhcp/dhcp.go
+++ b/dns/transport/dhcp/dhcp.go
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ type Transport struct {
 	interfaceCallback *list.Element[tun.DefaultInterfaceUpdateCallback]
 	transportLock     sync.RWMutex
 	updatedAt         time.Time
-	lastError         error
 	servers           []M.Socksaddr
 	search            []string
 	ndots             int
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ func (t *Transport) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 		t.interfaceCallback = t.networkManager.InterfaceMonitor().RegisterCallback(t.interfaceUpdated)
 	}
 	go func() {
-		_, err := t.fetch()
+		_, err := t.Fetch()
 		if err != nil {
 			t.logger.Error(E.Cause(err, "fetch DNS servers"))
 		}
@@ -108,15 +107,8 @@ func (t *Transport) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *Transport) Reset() {
-	t.transportLock.Lock()
-	t.updatedAt = time.Time{}
-	t.servers = nil
-	t.transportLock.Unlock()
-}
-
 func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
-	servers, err := t.fetch()
+	servers, err := t.Fetch()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -136,20 +128,11 @@ func (t *Transport) Exchange0(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, servers []
 	}
 }

-func (t *Transport) Fetch() []M.Socksaddr {
-	servers, _ := t.fetch()
-	return servers
-}
-
-func (t *Transport) fetch() ([]M.Socksaddr, error) {
+func (t *Transport) Fetch() ([]M.Socksaddr, error) {
 	t.transportLock.RLock()
 	updatedAt := t.updatedAt
-	lastError := t.lastError
 	servers := t.servers
 	t.transportLock.RUnlock()
-	if lastError != nil {
-		return nil, lastError
-	}
 	if time.Since(updatedAt) < C.DHCPTTL {
 		return servers, nil
 	}
@@ -160,7 +143,7 @@ func (t *Transport) fetch() ([]M.Socksaddr, error) {
 	}
 	err := t.updateServers()
 	if err != nil {
-		return servers, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	return t.servers, nil
 }
@@ -190,15 +173,12 @@ func (t *Transport) updateServers() error {
 	fetchCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(t.ctx, C.DHCPTimeout)
 	err = t.fetchServers0(fetchCtx, iface)
 	cancel()
-	t.updatedAt = time.Now()
 	if err != nil {
-		t.lastError = err
 		return err
 	} else if len(t.servers) == 0 {
-		t.lastError = E.New("dhcp: empty DNS servers response")
-		return t.lastError
+		return E.New("dhcp: empty DNS servers response")
 	} else {
-		t.lastError = nil
+		t.updatedAt = time.Now()
 		return nil
 	}
 }
@@ -263,7 +243,6 @@ func (t *Transport) fetchServersResponse(iface *control.Interface, packetConn ne
 	defer buffer.Release()

 	for {
-		buffer.Reset()
 		_, _, err := buffer.ReadPacketFrom(packetConn)
 		if err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, io.ErrShortBuffer) {
--- a/dns/transport/fakeip/memory.go
+++ b/dns/transport/fakeip/memory.go
@@ -82,12 +82,8 @@ func (s *MemoryStorage) FakeIPLoadDomain(domain string, isIPv6 bool) (netip.Addr
 }

 func (s *MemoryStorage) FakeIPReset() error {
-	s.addressAccess.Lock()
-	s.domainAccess.Lock()
 	s.addressCache = make(map[netip.Addr]string)
 	s.domainCache4 = make(map[string]netip.Addr)
 	s.domainCache6 = make(map[string]netip.Addr)
-	s.domainAccess.Unlock()
-	s.addressAccess.Unlock()
 	return nil
 }
--- a/dns/transport/fakeip/store.go
+++ b/dns/transport/fakeip/store.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package fakeip
 import (
 	"context"
 	"net/netip"
-	"sync"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
@@ -14,15 +13,13 @@ import (
 var _ adapter.FakeIPStore = (*Store)(nil)

 type Store struct {
-	ctx        context.Context
-	logger     logger.Logger
-	inet4Range netip.Prefix
-	inet6Range netip.Prefix
-	storage    adapter.FakeIPStorage
-
-	addressAccess sync.Mutex
-	inet4Current  netip.Addr
-	inet6Current  netip.Addr
+	ctx          context.Context
+	logger       logger.Logger
+	inet4Range   netip.Prefix
+	inet6Range   netip.Prefix
+	storage      adapter.FakeIPStorage
+	inet4Current netip.Addr
+	inet6Current netip.Addr
 }

 func NewStore(ctx context.Context, logger logger.Logger, inet4Range netip.Prefix, inet6Range netip.Prefix) *Store {
@@ -68,30 +65,18 @@ func (s *Store) Close() error {
 	if s.storage == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	s.addressAccess.Lock()
-	metadata := &adapter.FakeIPMetadata{
+	return s.storage.FakeIPSaveMetadata(&adapter.FakeIPMetadata{
 		Inet4Range:   s.inet4Range,
 		Inet6Range:   s.inet6Range,
 		Inet4Current: s.inet4Current,
 		Inet6Current: s.inet6Current,
-	}
-	s.addressAccess.Unlock()
-	return s.storage.FakeIPSaveMetadata(metadata)
+	})
 }

 func (s *Store) Create(domain string, isIPv6 bool) (netip.Addr, error) {
 	if address, loaded := s.storage.FakeIPLoadDomain(domain, isIPv6); loaded {
 		return address, nil
 	}
-
-	s.addressAccess.Lock()
-	defer s.addressAccess.Unlock()
-
-	// Double-check after acquiring lock
-	if address, loaded := s.storage.FakeIPLoadDomain(domain, isIPv6); loaded {
-		return address, nil
-	}
-
 	var address netip.Addr
 	if !isIPv6 {
 		if !s.inet4Current.IsValid() {
@@ -114,10 +99,7 @@ func (s *Store) Create(domain string, isIPv6 bool) (netip.Addr, error) {
 		s.inet6Current = nextAddress
 		address = nextAddress
 	}
-	err := s.storage.FakeIPStore(address, domain)
-	if err != nil {
-		s.logger.Warn("save FakeIP cache: ", err)
-	}
+	s.storage.FakeIPStoreAsync(address, domain, s.logger)
 	s.storage.FakeIPSaveMetadataAsync(&adapter.FakeIPMetadata{
 		Inet4Range:   s.inet4Range,
 		Inet6Range:   s.inet6Range,
--- a/dns/transport/hosts/hosts.go
+++ b/dns/transport/hosts/hosts.go
@@ -59,9 +59,6 @@ func (t *Transport) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *Transport) Reset() {
-}
-
 func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	question := message.Question[0]
 	domain := mDNS.CanonicalName(question.Name)
--- a/dns/transport/https.go
+++ b/dns/transport/https.go
@@ -145,13 +145,6 @@ func (t *HTTPSTransport) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *HTTPSTransport) Reset() {
-	t.transportAccess.Lock()
-	defer t.transportAccess.Unlock()
-	t.transport.CloseIdleConnections()
-	t.transport = t.transport.Clone()
-}
-
 func (t *HTTPSTransport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	startAt := time.Now()
 	response, err := t.exchange(ctx, message)
@@ -189,10 +182,7 @@ func (t *HTTPSTransport) exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS
 	request.Header = t.headers.Clone()
 	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", MimeType)
 	request.Header.Set("Accept", MimeType)
-	t.transportAccess.Lock()
-	currentTransport := t.transport
-	t.transportAccess.Unlock()
-	response, err := currentTransport.RoundTrip(request)
+	response, err := t.transport.RoundTrip(request)
 	requestBuffer.Release()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -204,12 +194,12 @@ func (t *HTTPSTransport) exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS
 	var responseMessage mDNS.Msg
 	if response.ContentLength > 0 {
 		responseBuffer := buf.NewSize(int(response.ContentLength))
-		defer responseBuffer.Release()
 		_, err = responseBuffer.ReadFullFrom(response.Body, int(response.ContentLength))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		err = responseMessage.Unpack(responseBuffer.Bytes())
+		responseBuffer.Release()
 	} else {
 		rawMessage, err = io.ReadAll(response.Body)
 		if err != nil {
--- a/dns/transport/local/local.go
+++ b/dns/transport/local/local.go
@@ -76,9 +76,6 @@ func (t *Transport) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *Transport) Reset() {
-}
-
 func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	if t.resolved != nil {
 		resolverObject := t.resolved.Object()
--- a/dns/transport/local/local_darwin.go
+++ b/dns/transport/local/local_darwin.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type Transport struct {

 type dhcpTransport interface {
 	adapter.DNSTransport
-	Fetch() []M.Socksaddr
+	Fetch() ([]M.Socksaddr, error)
 	Exchange0(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, servers []M.Socksaddr) (*mDNS.Msg, error)
 }

@@ -74,12 +74,14 @@ func (t *Transport) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 			break
 		}
 	}
-	if t.fallback {
-		t.dhcpTransport = newDHCPTransport(t.TransportAdapter, log.ContextWithOverrideLevel(t.ctx, log.LevelDebug), t.dialer, t.logger)
-		if t.dhcpTransport != nil {
-			err := t.dhcpTransport.Start(stage)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+	if !C.IsIos {
+		if t.fallback {
+			t.dhcpTransport = newDHCPTransport(t.TransportAdapter, log.ContextWithOverrideLevel(t.ctx, log.LevelDebug), t.dialer, t.logger)
+			if t.dhcpTransport != nil {
+				err := t.dhcpTransport.Start(stage)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -92,12 +94,6 @@ func (t *Transport) Close() error {
 	)
 }

-func (t *Transport) Reset() {
-	if t.dhcpTransport != nil {
-		t.dhcpTransport.Reset()
-	}
-}
-
 func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	question := message.Question[0]
 	if question.Qtype == mDNS.TypeA || question.Qtype == mDNS.TypeAAAA {
@@ -109,10 +105,12 @@ func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg,
 	if !t.fallback {
 		return t.exchange(ctx, message, question.Name)
 	}
-	if t.dhcpTransport != nil {
-		dhcpTransports := t.dhcpTransport.Fetch()
-		if len(dhcpTransports) > 0 {
-			return t.dhcpTransport.Exchange0(ctx, message, dhcpTransports)
+	if !C.IsIos {
+		if t.dhcpTransport != nil {
+			dhcpTransports, _ := t.dhcpTransport.Fetch()
+			if len(dhcpTransports) > 0 {
+				return t.dhcpTransport.Exchange0(ctx, message, dhcpTransports)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	if t.preferGo {
@@ -136,5 +134,9 @@ func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg,
 		}
 		return dns.FixedResponse(message.Id, question, addresses, C.DefaultDNSTTL), nil
 	}
-	return nil, E.New("only A and AAAA queries are supported on Apple platforms when using TUN and DHCP unavailable.")
+	if C.IsIos {
+		return nil, E.New("only A and AAAA queries are supported on iOS and tvOS when using NetworkExtension.")
+	} else {
+		return nil, E.New("only A and AAAA queries are supported on macOS when using NetworkExtension and DHCP unavailable.")
+	}
 }
--- a/dns/transport/quic/http3.go
+++ b/dns/transport/quic/http3.go
@@ -8,12 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"strconv"
-	"sync"

 	"github.com/sagernet/quic-go"
 	"github.com/sagernet/quic-go/http3"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/dialer"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/tls"
 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/dns"
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/bufio"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
-	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
 	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"
 	sHTTP "github.com/sagernet/sing/protocol/http"

@@ -40,14 +37,11 @@ func RegisterHTTP3Transport(registry *dns.TransportRegistry) {

 type HTTP3Transport struct {
 	dns.TransportAdapter
-	logger          logger.ContextLogger
-	dialer          N.Dialer
-	destination     *url.URL
-	headers         http.Header
-	serverAddr      M.Socksaddr
-	tlsConfig       *tls.STDConfig
-	transportAccess sync.Mutex
-	transport       *http3.Transport
+	logger      logger.ContextLogger
+	dialer      N.Dialer
+	destination *url.URL
+	headers     http.Header
+	transport   *http3.Transport
 }

 func NewHTTP3(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options option.RemoteHTTPSDNSServerOptions) (adapter.DNSTransport, error) {
@@ -101,57 +95,33 @@ func NewHTTP3(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options
 	if !serverAddr.IsValid() {
 		return nil, E.New("invalid server address: ", serverAddr)
 	}
-	t := &HTTP3Transport{
+	return &HTTP3Transport{
 		TransportAdapter: dns.NewTransportAdapterWithRemoteOptions(C.DNSTypeHTTP3, tag, options.RemoteDNSServerOptions),
 		logger:           logger,
 		dialer:           transportDialer,
 		destination:      &destinationURL,
 		headers:          headers,
-		serverAddr:       serverAddr,
-		tlsConfig:        stdConfig,
-	}
-	t.transport = t.newTransport()
-	return t, nil
-}
-
-func (t *HTTP3Transport) newTransport() *http3.Transport {
-	return &http3.Transport{
-		Dial: func(ctx context.Context, addr string, tlsCfg *tls.STDConfig, cfg *quic.Config) (*quic.Conn, error) {
-			conn, dialErr := t.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkUDP, t.serverAddr)
-			if dialErr != nil {
-				return nil, dialErr
-			}
-			quicConn, dialErr := quic.DialEarly(ctx, bufio.NewUnbindPacketConn(conn), conn.RemoteAddr(), tlsCfg, cfg)
-			if dialErr != nil {
-				conn.Close()
-				return nil, dialErr
-			}
-			return quicConn, nil
+		transport: &http3.Transport{
+			Dial: func(ctx context.Context, addr string, tlsCfg *tls.STDConfig, cfg *quic.Config) (*quic.Conn, error) {
+				conn, dialErr := transportDialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkUDP, serverAddr)
+				if dialErr != nil {
+					return nil, dialErr
+				}
+				return quic.DialEarly(ctx, bufio.NewUnbindPacketConn(conn), conn.RemoteAddr(), tlsCfg, cfg)
+			},
+			TLSClientConfig: stdConfig,
 		},
-		TLSClientConfig: t.tlsConfig,
-	}
+	}, nil
 }

 func (t *HTTP3Transport) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
-	if stage != adapter.StartStateStart {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return dialer.InitializeDetour(t.dialer)
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *HTTP3Transport) Close() error {
-	t.transportAccess.Lock()
-	defer t.transportAccess.Unlock()
 	return t.transport.Close()
 }

-func (t *HTTP3Transport) Reset() {
-	t.transportAccess.Lock()
-	defer t.transportAccess.Unlock()
-	t.transport.Close()
-	t.transport = t.newTransport()
-}
-
 func (t *HTTP3Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	exMessage := *message
 	exMessage.Id = 0
@@ -170,10 +140,7 @@ func (t *HTTP3Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS
 	request.Header = t.headers.Clone()
 	request.Header.Set("Content-Type", transport.MimeType)
 	request.Header.Set("Accept", transport.MimeType)
-	t.transportAccess.Lock()
-	currentTransport := t.transport
-	t.transportAccess.Unlock()
-	response, err := currentTransport.RoundTrip(request)
+	response, err := t.transport.RoundTrip(request)
 	requestBuffer.Release()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -185,12 +152,12 @@ func (t *HTTP3Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS
 	var responseMessage mDNS.Msg
 	if response.ContentLength > 0 {
 		responseBuffer := buf.NewSize(int(response.ContentLength))
-		defer responseBuffer.Release()
 		_, err = responseBuffer.ReadFullFrom(response.Body, int(response.ContentLength))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		err = responseMessage.Unpack(responseBuffer.Bytes())
+		responseBuffer.Release()
 	} else {
 		rawMessage, err = io.ReadAll(response.Body)
 		if err != nil {
--- a/dns/transport/quic/quic.go
+++ b/dns/transport/quic/quic.go
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ package quic
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"os"
+	"sync"

 	"github.com/sagernet/quic-go"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/dialer"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/tls"
 	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/dns"
@@ -18,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/bufio"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
 	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"

@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ func RegisterTransport(registry *dns.TransportRegistry) {
 }

 type Transport struct {
-	*transport.BaseTransport
-
+	dns.TransportAdapter
 	ctx        context.Context
+	logger     logger.ContextLogger
 	dialer     N.Dialer
 	serverAddr M.Socksaddr
 	tlsConfig  tls.Config
-
-	connector *transport.Connector[*quic.Conn]
+	access     sync.Mutex
+	connection *quic.Conn
 }

 func NewQUIC(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options option.RemoteTLSDNSServerOptions) (adapter.DNSTransport, error) {
@@ -62,84 +62,38 @@ func NewQUIC(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options
 	if !serverAddr.IsValid() {
 		return nil, E.New("invalid server address: ", serverAddr)
 	}
-
-	t := &Transport{
-		BaseTransport: transport.NewBaseTransport(
-			dns.NewTransportAdapterWithRemoteOptions(C.DNSTypeQUIC, tag, options.RemoteDNSServerOptions),
-			logger,
-		),
-		ctx:        ctx,
-		dialer:     transportDialer,
-		serverAddr: serverAddr,
-		tlsConfig:  tlsConfig,
-	}
-
-	t.connector = transport.NewConnector(t.CloseContext(), t.dial, transport.ConnectorCallbacks[*quic.Conn]{
-		IsClosed: func(connection *quic.Conn) bool {
-			return common.Done(connection.Context())
-		},
-		Close: func(connection *quic.Conn) {
-			connection.CloseWithError(0, "")
-		},
-		Reset: func(connection *quic.Conn) {
-			connection.CloseWithError(0, "")
-		},
-	})
-
-	return t, nil
-}
-
-func (t *Transport) dial(ctx context.Context) (*quic.Conn, error) {
-	conn, err := t.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkUDP, t.serverAddr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "dial UDP connection")
-	}
-	earlyConnection, err := sQUIC.DialEarly(
-		ctx,
-		bufio.NewUnbindPacketConn(conn),
-		t.serverAddr.UDPAddr(),
-		t.tlsConfig,
-		nil,
-	)
-	if err != nil {
-		conn.Close()
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "establish QUIC connection")
-	}
-	return earlyConnection, nil
+	return &Transport{
+		TransportAdapter: dns.NewTransportAdapterWithRemoteOptions(C.DNSTypeQUIC, tag, options.RemoteDNSServerOptions),
+		ctx:              ctx,
+		logger:           logger,
+		dialer:           transportDialer,
+		serverAddr:       serverAddr,
+		tlsConfig:        tlsConfig,
+	}, nil
 }

 func (t *Transport) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
-	if stage != adapter.StartStateStart {
-		return nil
-	}
-	err := t.SetStarted()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return dialer.InitializeDetour(t.dialer)
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *Transport) Close() error {
-	return E.Errors(t.BaseTransport.Close(), t.connector.Close())
-}
-
-func (t *Transport) Reset() {
-	t.connector.Reset()
+	t.access.Lock()
+	defer t.access.Unlock()
+	connection := t.connection
+	if connection != nil {
+		connection.CloseWithError(0, "")
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
-	if !t.BeginQuery() {
-		return nil, transport.ErrTransportClosed
-	}
-	defer t.EndQuery()
-
 	var (
 		conn     *quic.Conn
 		err      error
 		response *mDNS.Msg
 	)
 	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-		conn, err = t.connector.Get(ctx)
+		conn, err = t.openConnection()
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -149,38 +103,58 @@ func (t *Transport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg,
 		} else if !isQUICRetryError(err) {
 			return nil, err
 		} else {
-			t.connector.Reset()
+			conn.CloseWithError(quic.ApplicationErrorCode(0), "")
 			continue
 		}
 	}
 	return nil, err
 }

+func (t *Transport) openConnection() (*quic.Conn, error) {
+	connection := t.connection
+	if connection != nil && !common.Done(connection.Context()) {
+		return connection, nil
+	}
+	t.access.Lock()
+	defer t.access.Unlock()
+	connection = t.connection
+	if connection != nil && !common.Done(connection.Context()) {
+		return connection, nil
+	}
+	conn, err := t.dialer.DialContext(t.ctx, N.NetworkUDP, t.serverAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	earlyConnection, err := sQUIC.DialEarly(
+		t.ctx,
+		bufio.NewUnbindPacketConn(conn),
+		t.serverAddr.UDPAddr(),
+		t.tlsConfig,
+		nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.connection = earlyConnection
+	return earlyConnection, nil
+}
+
 func (t *Transport) exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, conn *quic.Conn) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	stream, err := conn.OpenStreamSync(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "open stream")
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	defer stream.CancelRead(0)
 	err = transport.WriteMessage(stream, 0, message)
 	if err != nil {
 		stream.Close()
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "write request")
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	stream.Close()
-	response, err := transport.ReadMessage(stream)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "read response")
-	}
-	return response, nil
+	return transport.ReadMessage(stream)
 }

 // https://github.com/AdguardTeam/dnsproxy/blob/fd1868577652c639cce3da00e12ca548f421baf1/upstream/upstream_quic.go#L394
 func isQUICRetryError(err error) (ok bool) {
-	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
-		return true
-	}
-
 	var qAppErr *quic.ApplicationError
 	if errors.As(err, &qAppErr) && qAppErr.ErrorCode == 0 {
 		return true
--- a/dns/transport/tcp.go
+++ b/dns/transport/tcp.go
@@ -62,24 +62,17 @@ func (t *TCPTransport) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *TCPTransport) Reset() {
-}
-
 func (t *TCPTransport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	conn, err := t.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkTCP, t.serverAddr)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "dial TCP connection")
+		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()
 	err = WriteMessage(conn, 0, message)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "write request")
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	response, err := ReadMessage(conn)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "read response")
-	}
-	return response, nil
+	return ReadMessage(conn)
 }

 func ReadMessage(reader io.Reader) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
--- a/dns/transport/tls.go
+++ b/dns/transport/tls.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package transport
 import (
 	"context"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/dialer"
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ func RegisterTLS(registry *dns.TransportRegistry) {
 }

 type TLSTransport struct {
-	*BaseTransport
-
+	dns.TransportAdapter
+	logger      logger.ContextLogger
 	dialer      tls.Dialer
 	serverAddr  M.Socksaddr
 	tlsConfig   tls.Config
@@ -66,10 +65,11 @@ func NewTLS(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options o

 func NewTLSRaw(logger logger.ContextLogger, adapter dns.TransportAdapter, dialer N.Dialer, serverAddr M.Socksaddr, tlsConfig tls.Config) *TLSTransport {
 	return &TLSTransport{
-		BaseTransport: NewBaseTransport(adapter, logger),
-		dialer:        tls.NewDialer(dialer, tlsConfig),
-		serverAddr:    serverAddr,
-		tlsConfig:     tlsConfig,
+		TransportAdapter: adapter,
+		logger:           logger,
+		dialer:           tls.NewDialer(dialer, tlsConfig),
+		serverAddr:       serverAddr,
+		tlsConfig:        tlsConfig,
 	}
 }

@@ -77,59 +77,37 @@ func (t *TLSTransport) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 	if stage != adapter.StartStateStart {
 		return nil
 	}
-	err := t.SetStarted()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	return dialer.InitializeDetour(t.dialer)
 }

 func (t *TLSTransport) Close() error {
-	t.access.Lock()
-	for connection := t.connections.Front(); connection != nil; connection = connection.Next() {
-		connection.Value.Close()
-	}
-	t.connections.Init()
-	t.access.Unlock()
-	return t.BaseTransport.Close()
-}
-
-func (t *TLSTransport) Reset() {
 	t.access.Lock()
 	defer t.access.Unlock()
 	for connection := t.connections.Front(); connection != nil; connection = connection.Next() {
 		connection.Value.Close()
 	}
 	t.connections.Init()
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *TLSTransport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
-	if !t.BeginQuery() {
-		return nil, ErrTransportClosed
-	}
-	defer t.EndQuery()
-
 	t.access.Lock()
 	conn := t.connections.PopFront()
 	t.access.Unlock()
 	if conn != nil {
-		response, err := t.exchange(ctx, message, conn)
+		response, err := t.exchange(message, conn)
 		if err == nil {
 			return response, nil
 		}
-		t.Logger.DebugContext(ctx, "discarded pooled connection: ", err)
 	}
 	tlsConn, err := t.dialer.DialTLSContext(ctx, t.serverAddr)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "dial TLS connection")
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return t.exchange(ctx, message, &tlsDNSConn{Conn: tlsConn})
+	return t.exchange(message, &tlsDNSConn{Conn: tlsConn})
 }

-func (t *TLSTransport) exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, conn *tlsDNSConn) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
-	if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok {
-		conn.SetDeadline(deadline)
-	}
+func (t *TLSTransport) exchange(message *mDNS.Msg, conn *tlsDNSConn) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
 	conn.queryId++
 	err := WriteMessage(conn, conn.queryId, message)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -142,12 +120,6 @@ func (t *TLSTransport) exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg, conn *tl
 		return nil, E.Cause(err, "read response")
 	}
 	t.access.Lock()
-	if t.State() >= StateClosing {
-		t.access.Unlock()
-		conn.Close()
-		return response, nil
-	}
-	conn.SetDeadline(time.Time{})
 	t.connections.PushBack(conn)
 	t.access.Unlock()
 	return response, nil
--- a/dns/transport/udp.go
+++ b/dns/transport/udp.go
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ package transport

 import (
 	"context"
+	"net"
+	"os"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/dialer"
@@ -27,23 +28,15 @@ func RegisterUDP(registry *dns.TransportRegistry) {
 }

 type UDPTransport struct {
-	*BaseTransport
-
-	dialer     N.Dialer
-	serverAddr M.Socksaddr
-	udpSize    atomic.Int32
-
-	connector *Connector[*Connection]
-
-	callbackAccess sync.RWMutex
-	queryId        uint16
-	callbacks      map[uint16]*udpCallback
-}
-
-type udpCallback struct {
-	access   sync.Mutex
-	response *mDNS.Msg
-	done     chan struct{}
+	dns.TransportAdapter
+	logger       logger.ContextLogger
+	dialer       N.Dialer
+	serverAddr   M.Socksaddr
+	udpSize      int
+	tcpTransport *TCPTransport
+	access       sync.Mutex
+	conn         *dnsConnection
+	done         chan struct{}
 }

 func NewUDP(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options option.RemoteDNSServerOptions) (adapter.DNSTransport, error) {
@@ -61,198 +54,180 @@ func NewUDP(ctx context.Context, logger log.ContextLogger, tag string, options o
 	return NewUDPRaw(logger, dns.NewTransportAdapterWithRemoteOptions(C.DNSTypeUDP, tag, options), transportDialer, serverAddr), nil
 }

-func NewUDPRaw(logger logger.ContextLogger, adapter dns.TransportAdapter, dialerInstance N.Dialer, serverAddr M.Socksaddr) *UDPTransport {
-	t := &UDPTransport{
-		BaseTransport: NewBaseTransport(adapter, logger),
-		dialer:        dialerInstance,
-		serverAddr:    serverAddr,
-		callbacks:     make(map[uint16]*udpCallback),
+func NewUDPRaw(logger logger.ContextLogger, adapter dns.TransportAdapter, dialer N.Dialer, serverAddr M.Socksaddr) *UDPTransport {
+	return &UDPTransport{
+		TransportAdapter: adapter,
+		logger:           logger,
+		dialer:           dialer,
+		serverAddr:       serverAddr,
+		udpSize:          2048,
+		tcpTransport: &TCPTransport{
+			dialer:     dialer,
+			serverAddr: serverAddr,
+		},
+		done: make(chan struct{}),
 	}
-	t.udpSize.Store(2048)
-	t.connector = NewSingleflightConnector(t.CloseContext(), t.dial)
-	return t
-}
-
-func (t *UDPTransport) dial(ctx context.Context) (*Connection, error) {
-	rawConn, err := t.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkUDP, t.serverAddr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "dial UDP connection")
-	}
-	conn := WrapConnection(rawConn)
-	go t.recvLoop(conn)
-	return conn, nil
 }

 func (t *UDPTransport) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 	if stage != adapter.StartStateStart {
 		return nil
 	}
-	err := t.SetStarted()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	return dialer.InitializeDetour(t.dialer)
 }

 func (t *UDPTransport) Close() error {
-	return E.Errors(t.BaseTransport.Close(), t.connector.Close())
-}
-
-func (t *UDPTransport) Reset() {
-	t.connector.Reset()
-}
-
-func (t *UDPTransport) nextAvailableQueryId() (uint16, error) {
-	start := t.queryId
-	for {
-		t.queryId++
-		if _, exists := t.callbacks[t.queryId]; !exists {
-			return t.queryId, nil
-		}
-		if t.queryId == start {
-			return 0, E.New("no available query ID")
-		}
-	}
+	t.access.Lock()
+	defer t.access.Unlock()
+	close(t.done)
+	t.done = make(chan struct{})
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *UDPTransport) Exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
-	if !t.BeginQuery() {
-		return nil, ErrTransportClosed
-	}
-	defer t.EndQuery()
-
 	response, err := t.exchange(ctx, message)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if response.Truncated {
-		t.Logger.InfoContext(ctx, "response truncated, retrying with TCP")
-		return t.exchangeTCP(ctx, message)
-	}
-	return response, nil
-}
-
-func (t *UDPTransport) exchangeTCP(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
-	conn, err := t.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkTCP, t.serverAddr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "dial TCP connection")
-	}
-	defer conn.Close()
-	err = WriteMessage(conn, message.Id, message)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "write request")
-	}
-	response, err := ReadMessage(conn)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "read response")
+		t.logger.InfoContext(ctx, "response truncated, retrying with TCP")
+		return t.tcpTransport.Exchange(ctx, message)
 	}
 	return response, nil
 }

 func (t *UDPTransport) exchange(ctx context.Context, message *mDNS.Msg) (*mDNS.Msg, error) {
+	t.access.Lock()
 	if edns0Opt := message.IsEdns0(); edns0Opt != nil {
-		udpSize := int32(edns0Opt.UDPSize())
-		for {
-			current := t.udpSize.Load()
-			if udpSize <= current {
-				break
-			}
-			if t.udpSize.CompareAndSwap(current, udpSize) {
-				t.connector.Reset()
-				break
-			}
+		if udpSize := int(edns0Opt.UDPSize()); udpSize > t.udpSize {
+			t.udpSize = udpSize
+			close(t.done)
+			t.done = make(chan struct{})
 		}
 	}
-
-	conn, err := t.connector.Get(ctx)
+	t.access.Unlock()
+	conn, err := t.open(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	callback := &udpCallback{
-		done: make(chan struct{}),
-	}
-
-	t.callbackAccess.Lock()
-	queryId, err := t.nextAvailableQueryId()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.callbackAccess.Unlock()
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	t.callbacks[queryId] = callback
-	t.callbackAccess.Unlock()
-
-	defer func() {
-		t.callbackAccess.Lock()
-		delete(t.callbacks, queryId)
-		t.callbackAccess.Unlock()
-	}()
-
 	buffer := buf.NewSize(1 + message.Len())
 	defer buffer.Release()
-
 	exMessage := *message
 	exMessage.Compress = true
-	originalId := message.Id
-	exMessage.Id = queryId
-
+	messageId := message.Id
+	callback := &dnsCallback{
+		done: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	conn.access.Lock()
+	conn.queryId++
+	exMessage.Id = conn.queryId
+	conn.callbacks[exMessage.Id] = callback
+	conn.access.Unlock()
+	defer func() {
+		conn.access.Lock()
+		delete(conn.callbacks, exMessage.Id)
+		conn.access.Unlock()
+	}()
 	rawMessage, err := exMessage.PackBuffer(buffer.FreeBytes())
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	_, err = conn.Write(rawMessage)
 	if err != nil {
-		conn.CloseWithError(err)
-		return nil, E.Cause(err, "write request")
+		conn.Close(err)
+		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	select {
 	case <-callback.done:
-		callback.response.Id = originalId
-		return callback.response, nil
-	case <-conn.Done():
-		return nil, conn.CloseError()
-	case <-t.CloseContext().Done():
-		return nil, ErrTransportClosed
+		callback.message.Id = messageId
+		return callback.message, nil
+	case <-conn.done:
+		return nil, conn.err
+	case <-t.done:
+		return nil, os.ErrClosed
 	case <-ctx.Done():
+		conn.Close(ctx.Err())
 		return nil, ctx.Err()
 	}
 }

-func (t *UDPTransport) recvLoop(conn *Connection) {
+func (t *UDPTransport) open(ctx context.Context) (*dnsConnection, error) {
+	t.access.Lock()
+	defer t.access.Unlock()
+	if t.conn != nil {
+		select {
+		case <-t.conn.done:
+		default:
+			return t.conn, nil
+		}
+	}
+	conn, err := t.dialer.DialContext(ctx, N.NetworkUDP, t.serverAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	dnsConn := &dnsConnection{
+		Conn:      conn,
+		done:      make(chan struct{}),
+		callbacks: make(map[uint16]*dnsCallback),
+	}
+	go t.recvLoop(dnsConn)
+	t.conn = dnsConn
+	return dnsConn, nil
+}
+
+func (t *UDPTransport) recvLoop(conn *dnsConnection) {
 	for {
-		buffer := buf.NewSize(int(t.udpSize.Load()))
+		buffer := buf.NewSize(t.udpSize)
 		_, err := buffer.ReadOnceFrom(conn)
 		if err != nil {
 			buffer.Release()
-			conn.CloseWithError(err)
+			conn.Close(err)
 			return
 		}
-
 		var message mDNS.Msg
 		err = message.Unpack(buffer.Bytes())
 		buffer.Release()
 		if err != nil {
-			t.Logger.Debug("discarded malformed UDP response: ", err)
-			continue
+			conn.Close(err)
+			return
 		}
-
-		t.callbackAccess.RLock()
-		callback, loaded := t.callbacks[message.Id]
-		t.callbackAccess.RUnlock()
-
+		conn.access.RLock()
+		callback, loaded := conn.callbacks[message.Id]
+		conn.access.RUnlock()
 		if !loaded {
 			continue
 		}
-
 		callback.access.Lock()
 		select {
 		case <-callback.done:
 		default:
-			callback.response = &message
+			callback.message = &message
 			close(callback.done)
 		}
 		callback.access.Unlock()
 	}
 }
+
+type dnsConnection struct {
+	net.Conn
+	access    sync.RWMutex
+	done      chan struct{}
+	closeOnce sync.Once
+	err       error
+	queryId   uint16
+	callbacks map[uint16]*dnsCallback
+}
+
+func (c *dnsConnection) Close(err error) {
+	c.closeOnce.Do(func() {
+		c.err = err
+		close(c.done)
+	})
+	c.Conn.Close()
+}
+
+type dnsCallback struct {
+	access  sync.Mutex
+	message *mDNS.Msg
+	done    chan struct{}
+}
--- a/docs/changelog.md
+++ b/docs/changelog.md
@@ -2,452 +2,25 @@
 icon: material/alert-decagram
 ---

-#### 1.13.0-rc.5
-
-* Add `mipsle`, `mips64le`, `riscv64` and `loong64` support for NaiveProxy outbound
-
-Important changes since 1.12:
-
-* Add NaiveProxy outbound **1**
-* Add pre-match support for `auto_redirect` **2**
-* Improve `auto_redirect` **3**
-* Add Chrome Root Store certificate option **4**
-* Add new options for ACME DNS-01 challenge providers **5**
-* Add Wi-Fi state support for Linux and Windows **6**
-* Add curve preferences, pinned public key SHA256, mTLS and ECH `query_server_name` for TLS options **7**
-* Add kTLS support **8**
-* Add ICMP echo (ping) proxy support **9**
-* Add `interface_address`, `network_interface_address` and `default_interface_address` rule items **10**
-* Add `preferred_by` route rule item **11**
-* Improve `local` DNS server **12**
-* Add `disable_tcp_keep_alive`, `tcp_keep_alive` and `tcp_keep_alive_interval` options for listen and dial fields **13**
-* Add `bind_address_no_port` option for dial fields **14**
-* Add system interface and relay server options for Tailscale endpoint **15**
-* Add Claude Code Multiplexer service **16**
-* Add OpenAI Codex Multiplexer service **17**
-* Apple/Android: Refactor GUI
-* Apple/Android: Add support for sharing configurations via [QRS](https://github.com/qifi-dev/qrs)
-* Android: Add support for resisting VPN detection via Xposed
-* Drop support for go1.23 **18**
-* Drop support for Android 5.0 **19**
-* Update uTLS to v1.8.2 **20**
-* Update quic-go to v0.59.0
-* Update gVisor to v20250811
-* Update Tailscale to v1.92.4
-
-**1**:
-
-NaiveProxy outbound now supports QUIC, ECH, UDP over TCP, and configurable QUIC congestion control.
-
-Only available on Apple platforms, Android, Windows and some Linux architectures.
-Each Windows release includes `libcronet.dll` —
-ensure this file is in the same directory as `sing-box.exe` or in a directory listed in `PATH`.
-
-See [NaiveProxy outbound](/configuration/outbound/naive/).
-
-**2**:
-
-`auto_redirect` now allows you to bypass sing-box for connections based on routing rules.
-
-A new rule action `bypass` is introduced to support this feature. When matched during pre-match, the connection will bypass sing-box and connect directly.
-
-This feature requires Linux with `auto_redirect` enabled.
-
-See [Pre-match](/configuration/shared/pre-match/) and [Rule Action](/configuration/route/rule_action/#bypass).
-
-**3**:
-
-`auto_redirect` now rejects MPTCP connections by default to fix compatibility issues.
-You can change it to bypass sing-box via the new `exclude_mptcp` option.
-
-Adds a fallback iproute2 rule checked after system default rules (32766: main, 32767: default),
-ensuring traffic is routed to the sing-box table when no route is found in system tables.
-The rule index can be customized via `auto_redirect_iproute2_fallback_rule_index` (default: 32768).
-
-See [TUN](/configuration/inbound/tun/#exclude_mptcp).
-
-**4**:
-
-Adds `chrome` as a new certificate store option alongside `mozilla`.
-Both stores filter out China-based CA certificates.
-
-See [Certificate](/configuration/certificate/#store).
-
-**5**:
-
-See [DNS-01 Challenge](/configuration/shared/dns01_challenge/).
-
-**6**:
-
-sing-box can now monitor Wi-Fi state on Linux and Windows to enable routing rules based on `wifi_ssid` and `wifi_bssid`.
-
-See [Wi-Fi State](/configuration/shared/wifi-state/).
-
-**7**:
-
-See [TLS](/configuration/shared/tls/).
-
-**8**:
-
-Adds `kernel_tx` and `kernel_rx` options for TLS inbound.
-Enables kernel-level TLS offloading via `splice(2)` on Linux 5.1+ with TLS 1.3.
-
-See [TLS](/configuration/shared/tls/).
-
-**9**:
-
-sing-box can now proxy ICMP echo (ping) requests.
-A new `icmp` network type is available for route rules.
-Supported from TUN, WireGuard and Tailscale inbounds to Direct, WireGuard and Tailscale outbounds.
-The `reject` action can also reply to ICMP echo requests.
-
-**10**:
-
-New rule items for matching based on interface IP addresses, available in route rules, DNS rules and rule-sets.
-
-**11**:
-
-Matches outbounds' preferred routes.
-For Tailscale: MagicDNS domains and peers' allowed IPs. For WireGuard: peers' allowed IPs.
-
-**12**:
-
-The `local` DNS server now uses platform-native resolution:
-`getaddrinfo`/libresolv on Apple platforms, systemd-resolved DBus on Linux.
-A new `prefer_go` option is available to opt out.
-
-See [Local DNS](/configuration/dns/server/local/).
-
-**13**:
-
-The default TCP keep-alive initial period has been updated from 10 minutes to 5 minutes.
-
-See [Dial Fields](/configuration/shared/dial/#tcp_keep_alive).
-
-**14**:
-
-Adds the Linux socket option `IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT` support when explicitly binding to a source address.
-
-This allows reusing the same source port for multiple connections, improving scalability for high-concurrency proxy scenarios.
-
-See [Dial Fields](/configuration/shared/dial/#bind_address_no_port).
-
-**15**:
-
-Tailscale endpoint can now create a system TUN interface to handle traffic directly.
-New `relay_server_port` and `relay_server_static_endpoints` options for incoming relay connections.
-
-See [Tailscale endpoint](/configuration/endpoint/tailscale/).
-
-**16**:
-
-CCM (Claude Code Multiplexer) service allows you to access your local Claude Code subscription remotely through custom tokens, eliminating the need for OAuth authentication on remote clients.
-
-See [CCM](/configuration/service/ccm).
-
-**17**:
-
-See [OCM](/configuration/service/ocm).
-
-**18**:
-
-Due to maintenance difficulties, sing-box 1.13.0 requires at least Go 1.24 to compile.
-
-**19**:
-
-Due to maintenance difficulties, sing-box 1.13.0 will be the last version to support Android 5.0,
-and only through a separate legacy build (with `-legacy-android-5` suffix).
-
-For standalone binaries, the minimum Android version has been raised to Android 6.0,
-since Termux requires Android 7.0 or later.
-
-**20**:
-
-This update fixes missing padding extension for Chrome 120+ fingerprints.
-
-Also, documentation has been updated with a warning about uTLS fingerprinting vulnerabilities.
-uTLS is not recommended for censorship circumvention due to fundamental architectural limitations;
-use NaiveProxy instead for TLS fingerprint resistance.
-
-#### 1.12.22
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-rc.3
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.12.21
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-rc.2
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.12.20
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-rc.1
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.12.19
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-beta.8
-
-* Add fallback routing rule for `auto_redirect` **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-Adds a fallback iproute2 rule checked after system default rules (32766: main, 32767: default),
-ensuring traffic is routed to the sing-box table when no route is found in system tables.
-
-The rule index can be customized via `auto_redirect_iproute2_fallback_rule_index` (default: 32768).
-
-#### 1.12.18
-
-* Add fallback routing rule for `auto_redirect` **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-Adds a fallback iproute2 rule checked after system default rules (32766: main, 32767: default),
-ensuring traffic is routed to the sing-box table when no route is found in system tables.
-
-The rule index can be customized via `auto_redirect_iproute2_fallback_rule_index` (default: 32768).
-
-#### 1.13.0-beta.6
-
-* Update uTLS to v1.8.2 **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-This update fixes missing padding extension for Chrome 120+ fingerprints.
-
-Also, documentation has been updated with a warning about uTLS fingerprinting vulnerabilities.
-uTLS is not recommended for censorship circumvention due to fundamental architectural limitations;
-use NaiveProxy instead for TLS fingerprint resistance.
-
-#### 1.12.17
-
-* Update uTLS to v1.8.2 **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-This update fixes missing padding extension for Chrome 120+ fingerprints.
-
-Also, documentation has been updated with a warning about uTLS fingerprinting vulnerabilities.
-uTLS is not recommended for censorship circumvention due to fundamental architectural limitations;
-use NaiveProxy instead for TLS fingerprint resistance.
-
-#### 1.13.0-beta.5
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.12.16
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-beta.4
-
-* Apple/Android: Add support for sharing configurations via [QRS](https://github.com/qifi-dev/qrs)
-* Android: Add support for resisting VPN detection via Xposed
-* Update quic-go to v0.59.0
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-beta.2
-
-* Add `bind_address_no_port` option for dial fields **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-Adds the Linux socket option `IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT` support when explicitly binding to a source address.
-
-This allows reusing the same source port for multiple connections, improving scalability for high-concurrency proxy scenarios.
-
-See [Dial Fields](/configuration/shared/dial/#bind_address_no_port).
-
-#### 1.13.0-beta.1
-
-* Add system interface support for Tailscale endpoint **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-Tailscale endpoint can now create a system TUN interface to handle traffic directly.
-
-See [Tailscale endpoint](/configuration/endpoint/tailscale/#system_interface).
-
-#### 1.12.15
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.36
-
-* Downgrade quic-go to v0.57.1
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.35
-
-* Add pre-match support for `auto_redirect` **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-`auto_redirect` now allows you to bypass sing-box for connections based on routing rules.
-
-A new rule action `bypass` is introduced to support this feature. When matched during pre-match, the connection will bypass sing-box and connect directly.
-
-This feature requires Linux with `auto_redirect` enabled.
-
-See [Pre-match](/configuration/shared/pre-match/) and [Rule Action](/configuration/route/rule_action/#bypass).
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.34
-
-* Add Chrome Root Store certificate option **1**
-* Add new options for ACME DNS-01 challenge providers **2**
-* Add Wi-Fi state support for Linux and Windows **3**
-* Update naiveproxy to 143.0.7499.109
-* Update quic-go to v0.58.0
-* Update tailscale to v1.92.4
-* Drop support for go1.23 **4**
-* Drop support for Android 5.0 **5**
-
-**1**:
-
-Adds `chrome` as a new certificate store option alongside `mozilla`.
-Both stores filter out China-based CA certificates.
-
-See [Certificate](/configuration/certificate/#store).
-
-**2**:
-
-See [DNS-01 Challenge](/configuration/shared/dns01_challenge/).
-
-**3**:
-
-sing-box can now monitor Wi-Fi state on Linux and Windows to enable routing rules based on `wifi_ssid` and `wifi_bssid`.
-
-See [Wi-Fi State](/configuration/shared/wifi-state/).
-
-**4**:
-
-Due to maintenance difficulties, sing-box 1.13.0 requires at least Go 1.24 to compile.
-
-**5**:
-
-Due to maintenance difficulties, sing-box 1.13.0 will be the last version to support Android 5.0,
-and only through a separate legacy build (with `-legacy-android-5` suffix).
-
-For standalone binaries, the minimum Android version has been raised to Android 6.0,
-since Termux requires Android 7.0 or later.
-
-#### 1.12.14
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.33
-
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.32
-
-* Remove `certificate_public_key_sha256` option for NaiveProxy outbound **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-Self-signed certificates change traffic behavior significantly, which defeats the purpose of NaiveProxy's design to resist traffic analysis.
-For this reason, and due to maintenance costs, there is no reason to continue supporting `certificate_public_key_sha256`, which was designed to simplify the use of self-signed certificates.
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.31
-
-* Add QUIC support for NaiveProxy outbound **1**
-* Add QUIC congestion control option for NaiveProxy **2**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-NaiveProxy outbound now supports QUIC.
-
-See [NaiveProxy outbound](/configuration/outbound/naive/#quic).
-
-**2**:
-
-NaiveProxy inbound and outbound now supports configurable QUIC congestion control algorithms, including BBR and BBRv2.
-
-See [NaiveProxy inbound](/configuration/inbound/naive/#quic_congestion_control) and [NaiveProxy outbound](/configuration/outbound/naive/#quic_congestion_control).
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.30
-
-* Add ECH support for NaiveProxy outbound **1**
-* Add `tls.ech.query_server_name` option **2**
-* Fix NaiveProxy outbound on Windows **3**
-* Add OpenAI Codex Multiplexer service **4**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-See [NaiveProxy outbound](/configuration/outbound/naive/#tls).
-
-**2**:
-
-See [TLS](/configuration/shared/tls/#query_server_name).
-
-**3**:
-
-Each Windows release now includes `libcronet.dll`.
-Ensure this file is in the same directory as `sing-box.exe` or in a directory listed in `PATH`.
-
-**4**:
-
-See [OCM](/configuration/service/ocm).
-
-#### 1.13.0-alpha.29
-
-* Add UDP over TCP support for naiveproxy outbound **1**
-* Fixes and improvements
-
-**1**:
-
-See [NaiveProxy outbound](/configuration/outbound/naive/#udp_over_tcp).
-
 #### 1.13.0-alpha.28

-* Add naiveproxy outbound **1**
-* Add `disable_tcp_keep_alive`, `tcp_keep_alive` and `tcp_keep_alive_interval` options for dial fields **2**
-* Update default TCP keep-alive initial period from 10 minutes to 5 minutes
 * Update quic-go to v0.57.1
+* Add `disable_tcp_keep_alive`, `tcp_keep_alive` and `tcp_keep_alive_interval` options for dial fields **1**
+* Update default TCP keep-alive initial period from 10 minutes to 5 minutes
 * Fixes and improvements

 **1**:

-Only available on Apple platforms, Android, Windows and some Linux architectures.
-
-See [NaiveProxy outbound](/configuration/outbound/naive/).
-
-**2**:
-
 See [Dial Fields](/configuration/shared/dial/#tcp_keep_alive).

-* __Unfortunately, for non-technical reasons, we are currently unable to notarize the standalone version of the macOS client:
+__Unfortunately, for non-technical reasons, we are currently unable to notarize the standalone version of the macOS client:
 because system extensions require signatures to function, we have had to temporarily halt its release.__

 __We plan to fix the App Store release issue and launch a new standalone desktop client, but until then,
 only clients on TestFlight will be available (unless you have an Apple Developer Program and compile from source code).__

-
 #### 1.12.13

-* Fix naive inbound
 * Fixes and improvements

 __Unfortunately, for non-technical reasons, we are currently unable to notarize the standalone version of the macOS client:
--- a/docs/configuration/certificate/index.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/certificate/index.md
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ icon: material/new-box

 !!! question "Since sing-box 1.12.0"

-!!! quote "Changes in sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-    :material-plus: [Chrome Root Store](#store)
-
 # Certificate

 ### Structure
@@ -31,12 +27,11 @@ icon: material/new-box

 The default X509 trusted CA certificate list.

-| Type               | Description                                                                                                    |
-|--------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `system` (default) | System trusted CA certificates                                                                                 |
+| Type               | Description                                                                                                   |
+|--------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `system` (default) | System trusted CA certificates                                                                                |
 | `mozilla`          | [Mozilla Included List](https://wiki.mozilla.org/CA/Included_Certificates) with China CA certificates removed |
-| `chrome`           | [Chrome Root Store](https://g.co/chrome/root-policy) with China CA certificates removed                        |
-| `none`             | Empty list                                                                                                     |
+| `none`             | Empty list                                                                                                    |

 #### certificate

--- a/docs/configuration/certificate/index.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/certificate/index.zh.md
@@ -4,10 +4,6 @@ icon: material/new-box

 !!! question "自 sing-box 1.12.0 起"

-!!! quote "sing-box 1.13.0 中的更改"
-
-    :material-plus: [Chrome Root Store](#store)
-
 # 证书

 ### 结构
@@ -31,12 +27,11 @@ icon: material/new-box

 默认的 X509 受信任 CA 证书列表。

-| 类型              | 描述                                                                                       |
-|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| `system`（默认）   | 系统受信任的 CA 证书                                                                        |
-| `mozilla`         | [Mozilla 包含列表](https://wiki.mozilla.org/CA/Included_Certificates)（已移除中国 CA 证书） |
-| `chrome`          | [Chrome Root Store](https://g.co/chrome/root-policy)（已移除中国 CA 证书）                  |
-| `none`            | 空列表                                                                                     |
+| 类型                | 描述                                                                                       |
+|--------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `system`（默认）    | 系统受信任的 CA 证书                                                                        |
+| `mozilla`          | [Mozilla 包含列表](https://wiki.mozilla.org/CA/Included_Certificates)（已移除中国 CA 证书） |
+| `none`             | 空列表                                                                                     |

 #### certificate

--- a/docs/configuration/dns/server/index.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/dns/server/index.zh.md
@@ -1,48 +1,48 @@
---
-icon: material/alert-decagram
---
-
-!!! quote "sing-box 1.12.0 中的更改"
-
-    :material-plus: [type](#type)
-
-# DNS Server
-
-### 结构
-
-```json
-{
-  "dns": {
-    "servers": [
-      {
-        "type": "",
-        "tag": ""
-      }
-    ]
-  }
-}
-```
-
-#### type
-
-DNS 服务器的类型。
-
-| 类型              | 格式                        |
-|-----------------|---------------------------|
-| empty (default) | [Legacy](./legacy/)       |
-| `local`         | [Local](./local/)         |
-| `hosts`         | [Hosts](./hosts/)         |
-| `tcp`           | [TCP](./tcp/)             |
-| `udp`           | [UDP](./udp/)             |
-| `tls`           | [TLS](./tls/)             |
-| `quic`          | [QUIC](./quic/)           |
-| `https`         | [HTTPS](./https/)         |
-| `h3`            | [HTTP/3](./http3/)        |
-| `dhcp`          | [DHCP](./dhcp/)           |
-| `fakeip`        | [Fake IP](./fakeip/)      |
-| `tailscale`     | [Tailscale](./tailscale/) |
-| `resolved`      | [Resolved](./resolved/)   |
-
-#### tag
-
-DNS 服务器的标签。
+---
+icon: material/alert-decagram
+---
+
+!!! quote "sing-box 1.12.0 中的更改"
+
+    :material-plus: [type](#type)
+
+# DNS Server
+
+### 结构
+
+```json
+{
+  "dns": {
+    "servers": [
+      {
+        "type": "",
+        "tag": ""
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+#### type
+
+DNS 服务器的类型。
+
+| 类型              | 格式                        |
+|-----------------|---------------------------|
+| empty (default) | [Legacy](./legacy/)       |
+| `local`         | [Local](./local/)         |
+| `hosts`         | [Hosts](./hosts/)         |
+| `tcp`           | [TCP](./tcp/)             |
+| `udp`           | [UDP](./udp/)             |
+| `tls`           | [TLS](./tls/)             |
+| `quic`          | [QUIC](./quic/)           |
+| `https`         | [HTTPS](./https/)         |
+| `h3`            | [HTTP/3](./http3/)        |
+| `dhcp`          | [DHCP](./dhcp/)           |
+| `fakeip`        | [Fake IP](./fakeip/)      |
+| `tailscale`     | [Tailscale](./tailscale/) |
+| `resolved`      | [Resolved](./resolved/)   |
+
+#### tag
+
+DNS 服务器的标签。
--- a/docs/configuration/dns/server/legacy.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/dns/server/legacy.zh.md
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ DNS 服务器的地址。
 | `HTTP3`                              | `h3://8.8.8.8/dns-query`     |
 | `RCode`                              | `rcode://refused`            |
 | `DHCP`                               | `dhcp://auto` 或 `dhcp://en0` |
-| [FakeIP](/zh/configuration/dns/fakeip/) | `fakeip`                     |
+| [FakeIP](/configuration/dns/fakeip/) | `fakeip`                     |

 !!! warning ""

--- a/docs/configuration/dns/server/local.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/dns/server/local.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ icon: material/new-box

 !!! quote "Changes in sing-box 1.13.0"

-    :material-plus: [prefer_go](#prefer_go)
+    :material-plus: [prefer_go](#prefer_go)  

 !!! question "Since sing-box 1.12.0"

--- a/docs/configuration/endpoint/tailscale.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/endpoint/tailscale.md
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 icon: material/new-box
 ---

-!!! quote "Changes in sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-    :material-plus: [relay_server_port](#relay_server_port)  
-    :material-plus: [relay_server_static_endpoints](#relay_server_static_endpoints)  
-    :material-plus: [system_interface](#system_interface)  
-    :material-plus: [system_interface_name](#system_interface_name)  
-    :material-plus: [system_interface_mtu](#system_interface_mtu)
-
 !!! question "Since sing-box 1.12.0"

 ### Structure
@@ -28,13 +20,8 @@ icon: material/new-box
  "exit_node_allow_lan_access": false,
  "advertise_routes": [],
  "advertise_exit_node": false,
-  "relay_server_port": 0,
-  "relay_server_static_endpoints": [],
-  "system_interface": false,
-  "system_interface_name": "",
-  "system_interface_mtu": 0,
  "udp_timeout": "5m",
-
+  
  ... // Dial Fields
 }
 ```
@@ -102,36 +89,6 @@ Example: `["192.168.1.1/24"]`

 Indicates whether the node should advertise itself as an exit node.

-#### relay_server_port
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-The port to listen on for incoming relay connections from other Tailscale nodes.
-
-#### relay_server_static_endpoints
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-Static endpoints to advertise for the relay server.
-
-#### system_interface
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-Create a system TUN interface for Tailscale.
-
-#### system_interface_name
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-Custom TUN interface name. By default, `tailscale` (or `utun` on macOS) will be used.
-
-#### system_interface_mtu
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-Override the TUN MTU. By default, Tailscale's own MTU is used.
-
 #### udp_timeout

 UDP NAT expiration time.
--- a/docs/configuration/endpoint/tailscale.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/endpoint/tailscale.zh.md
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 icon: material/new-box
 ---

-!!! quote "sing-box 1.13.0 中的更改"
-
-    :material-plus: [relay_server_port](#relay_server_port)  
-    :material-plus: [relay_server_static_endpoints](#relay_server_static_endpoints)  
-    :material-plus: [system_interface](#system_interface)  
-    :material-plus: [system_interface_name](#system_interface_name)  
-    :material-plus: [system_interface_mtu](#system_interface_mtu)
-
 !!! question "自 sing-box 1.12.0 起"

 ### 结构
@@ -28,11 +20,6 @@ icon: material/new-box
  "exit_node_allow_lan_access": false,
  "advertise_routes": [],
  "advertise_exit_node": false,
-  "relay_server_port": 0,
-  "relay_server_static_endpoints": [],
-  "system_interface": false,
-  "system_interface_name": "",
-  "system_interface_mtu": 0,
  "udp_timeout": "5m",

  ... // 拨号字段
@@ -101,36 +88,6 @@ icon: material/new-box

 指示节点是否应将自己通告为出口节点。

-#### relay_server_port
-
-!!! question "自 sing-box 1.13.0 起"
-
-监听来自其他 Tailscale 节点的中继连接的端口。
-
-#### relay_server_static_endpoints
-
-!!! question "自 sing-box 1.13.0 起"
-
-为中继服务器通告的静态端点。
-
-#### system_interface
-
-!!! question "自 sing-box 1.13.0 起"
-
-为 Tailscale 创建系统 TUN 接口。
-
-#### system_interface_name
-
-!!! question "自 sing-box 1.13.0 起"
-
-自定义 TUN 接口名。默认使用 `tailscale`（macOS 上为 `utun`）。
-
-#### system_interface_mtu
-
-!!! question "自 sing-box 1.13.0 起"
-
-覆盖 TUN 的 MTU。默认使用 Tailscale 自己的 MTU。
-
 #### udp_timeout

 UDP NAT 过期时间。
@@ -143,4 +100,4 @@ UDP NAT 过期时间。

    Tailscale 端点中的拨号字段仅控制它如何连接到控制平面，与实际连接无关。

-参阅 [拨号字段](/zh/configuration/shared/dial/) 了解详情。
+参阅 [拨号字段](/zh/configuration/shared/dial/) 了解详情。
--- a/docs/configuration/experimental/cache-file.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/experimental/cache-file.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 !!! quote "Changes in sing-box 1.9.0"

    :material-plus: [store_rdrc](#store_rdrc)  
-    :material-plus: [rdrc_timeout](#rdrc_timeout)
+    :material-plus: [rdrc_timeout](#rdrc_timeout)  

 ### Structure

--- a/docs/configuration/experimental/cache-file.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/experimental/cache-file.zh.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 !!! quote "sing-box 1.9.0 中的更改"

    :material-plus: [store_rdrc](#store_rdrc)  
-    :material-plus: [rdrc_timeout](#rdrc_timeout)
+    :material-plus: [rdrc_timeout](#rdrc_timeout)  

 ### 结构

--- a/docs/configuration/inbound/naive.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/inbound/naive.md
@@ -1,25 +1,20 @@
-!!! quote "Changes in sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-    :material-plus: [quic_congestion_control](#quic_congestion_control)
-
 ### Structure

 ```json
 {
-"type": "naive",
-"tag": "naive-in",
-"network": "udp",
-...
-// Listen Fields
+  "type": "naive",
+  "tag": "naive-in",
+  "network": "udp",

-"users": [
-{
-"username": "sekai",
-"password": "password"
-}
-],
-"quic_congestion_control": "",
-"tls": {}
+  ... // Listen Fields
+
+  "users": [
+    {
+      "username": "sekai",
+      "password": "password"
+    }
+  ],
+  "tls": {}
 }
 ```

@@ -41,23 +36,6 @@ Both if empty.

 Naive users.

-#### quic_congestion_control
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-QUIC congestion control algorithm.
-
-| Algorithm      | Description                     |
-|----------------|---------------------------------|
-| `bbr`          | BBR                             |
-| `bbr_standard` | BBR (Standard version)         |
-| `bbr2`         | BBRv2                           |
-| `bbr2_variant` | BBRv2 (An experimental variant) |
-| `cubic`        | CUBIC                           |
-| `reno`         | New Reno                        |
-
-`bbr` is used by default (the default of QUICHE, used by Chromium which NaiveProxy is based on).
-
 #### tls

 TLS configuration, see [TLS](/configuration/shared/tls/#inbound).
--- a/docs/configuration/inbound/naive.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/inbound/naive.zh.md
@@ -1,25 +1,20 @@
-!!! quote "sing-box 1.13.0 中的更改"
-
-    :material-plus: [quic_congestion_control](#quic_congestion_control)
-
 ### 结构

 ```json
 {
-"type": "naive",
-"tag": "naive-in",
-"network": "udp",
+  "type": "naive",
+  "tag": "naive-in",
+  "network": "udp",

-... // 监听字段
+  ... // 监听字段

-"users": [
-{
-"username": "sekai",
-"password": "password"
-}
-],
-"quic_congestion_control": "",
-"tls": {}
+  "users": [
+    {
+      "username": "sekai",
+      "password": "password"
+    }
+  ],
+  "tls": {}
 }
 ```

@@ -41,23 +36,6 @@

 Naive 用户。

-#### quic_congestion_control
-
-!!! question "Since sing-box 1.13.0"
-
-QUIC 拥塞控制算法。
-
-| 算法             | 描述                 |
-|----------------|--------------------|
-| `bbr`          | BBR                |
-| `bbr_standard` | BBR (标准版) |
-| `bbr2`         | BBRv2              |
-| `bbr2_variant` | BBRv2 (一种试验变体)     |
-| `cubic`        | CUBIC              |
-| `reno`         | New Reno           |
-
-默认使用 `bbr`（NaiveProxy 基于的 Chromium 使用的 QUICHE 的默认值）。
-
 #### tls

 TLS 配置, 参阅 [TLS](/zh/configuration/shared/tls/#inbound)。
--- a/docs/configuration/inbound/shadowsocks.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/inbound/shadowsocks.md
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@

  "method": "2022-blake3-aes-128-gcm",
  "password": "8JCsPssfgS8tiRwiMlhARg==",
-  "managed": false,
  "multiplex": {}
 }
 ```
@@ -87,10 +86,6 @@ Both if empty.
 | 2022 methods  | `sing-box generate rand --base64 <Key Length>` |
 | other methods | any string                                     |

-#### managed
-
-Defaults to `false`. Enable this when the inbound is managed by the [SSM API](/configuration/service/ssm-api) for dynamic user.
-
 #### multiplex

 See [Multiplex](/configuration/shared/multiplex#inbound) for details.
--- a/docs/configuration/inbound/shadowsocks.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/inbound/shadowsocks.zh.md
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@

  "method": "2022-blake3-aes-128-gcm",
  "password": "8JCsPssfgS8tiRwiMlhARg==",
-  "managed": false,
  "multiplex": {}
 }
 ```
@@ -49,9 +48,9 @@
 }
 ```

-### 监听字段
+### Listen Fields

-参阅 [监听字段](/zh/configuration/shared/listen/)。
+See [Listen Fields](/configuration/shared/listen/) for details.

 ### 字段

@@ -87,10 +86,6 @@
 | 2022 methods  | `sing-box generate rand --base64 <密钥长度>` |
 | other methods | 任意字符串                                    |

-#### managed
-
-默认为 `false`。当该入站需要由 [SSM API](/zh/configuration/service/ssm-api) 管理用户时必须启用此字段。
-
 #### multiplex

 参阅 [多路复用](/zh/configuration/shared/multiplex#inbound)。
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
copilot-swe-agent[bot]	dfb4ef2deb	Initial plan	2025-12-09 15:50:26 +00:00
世界	9ec1549a23	Add naiveproxy outbound	2025-12-09 22:20:27 +08:00
世界	76d447d7d9	Add Windows WI-FI state support	2025-12-07 15:47:15 +08:00
世界	ab3caabde1	Add Linux WI-FI state support Support monitoring WIFI state on Linux through: - NetworkManager (D-Bus) - IWD (D-Bus) - wpa_supplicant (control socket) - ConnMan (D-Bus)	2025-12-07 13:54:38 +08:00
世界	1338c1e1a9	documentation: Bump version	2025-12-07 10:09:13 +08:00
世界	822e140eed	Add more tcp keep alive options Also update default TCP keep-alive initial period from 10 minutes to 5 minutes.	2025-12-07 10:09:07 +08:00
世界	c726237522	Update quic-go to v0.57.1	2025-12-06 11:36:56 +08:00
世界	466925f636	Fix read credentials for ccm service	2025-12-06 11:36:56 +08:00
世界	517e1503e9	Add claude code multiplexer service	2025-12-06 11:36:56 +08:00
世界	b5f62c1b88	Fix compatibility with MPTCP	2025-12-06 11:36:55 +08:00
世界	6bdfa2d99e	Use a more conservative strategy for resolving with systemd-resolved for local DNS server	2025-12-06 11:36:55 +08:00
世界	1662802db8	Fix missing mTLS support in client options	2025-12-06 11:36:55 +08:00
世界	c09a10074b	Add curve preferences, pinned public key SHA256 and mTLS for TLS options	2025-12-06 11:36:55 +08:00
世界	269e4a40f7	Fix WireGuard input packet	2025-12-06 11:36:55 +08:00
世界	6a1640fe71	Update tfo-go to latest	2025-12-06 11:36:54 +08:00
世界	8cf6842a86	Remove compatibility codes	2025-12-06 11:36:54 +08:00
世界	2e6af5185c	Do not use linkname by default to simplify debugging	2025-12-06 11:36:53 +08:00
世界	9c36b00526	documentation: Update chinese translations	2025-12-06 11:36:53 +08:00
世界	9d0510f384	Update quic-go to v0.55.0	2025-12-06 11:36:53 +08:00
世界	6a0ceb7839	Update WireGuard and Tailscale	2025-12-06 11:36:53 +08:00
世界	13ed7fce55	Fix preConnectionCopy	2025-12-06 11:36:53 +08:00
世界	788fd491d4	Fix ping domain	2025-12-06 11:36:52 +08:00
世界	c651b9b14c	release: Fix linux build	2025-12-06 11:36:52 +08:00
世界	07a7530df0	Improve ktls rx error handling	2025-12-06 11:36:51 +08:00
世界	362edd2731	Improve compatibility for kTLS	2025-12-06 11:36:51 +08:00
世界	42e842a7da	ktls: Add warning for inappropriate scenarios	2025-12-06 11:36:51 +08:00
世界	63121f18c0	Add support for kTLS Reference: https://gitlab.com/go-extension/tls	2025-12-06 11:36:51 +08:00
世界	b13643bd42	Add proxy support for ICMP echo request	2025-12-06 11:36:50 +08:00
世界	9078f20860	Fix resolve using resolved	2025-12-06 11:36:50 +08:00
世界	a31ecd79c3	documentation: Update behavior of `local` DNS server on darwin	2025-12-06 11:36:50 +08:00
世界	4f4d18bfaf	Remove use of ldflags `-checklinkname=0` on darwin	2025-12-06 11:36:50 +08:00
世界	af2ea8f8b9	Fix legacy DNS config	2025-12-06 11:36:49 +08:00
世界	5452980523	Fix rule-set format	2025-12-06 11:36:49 +08:00
世界	1f421c04ac	documentation: Remove outdated icons	2025-12-06 11:36:49 +08:00
世界	159610556d	documentation: Improve `local` DNS server	2025-12-06 11:36:49 +08:00
世界	16de8b394f	Stop using DHCP on iOS and tvOS We do not have the `com.apple.developer.networking.multicast` entitlement and are unable to obtain it for non-technical reasons.	2025-12-06 11:36:49 +08:00
世界	52a0134af0	Improve `local` DNS server on darwin We mistakenly believed that `libresolv`'s `search` function worked correctly in NetworkExtension, but it seems only `getaddrinfo` does. This commit changes the behavior of the `local` DNS server in NetworkExtension to prefer DHCP, falling back to `getaddrinfo` if DHCP servers are unavailable. It's worth noting that `prefer_go` does not disable DHCP since it respects Dial Fields, but `getaddrinfo` does the opposite. The new behavior only applies to NetworkExtension, not to all scenarios (primarily command-line binaries) as it did previously. In addition, this commit also improves the DHCP DNS server to use the same robust query logic as `local`.	2025-12-06 11:36:49 +08:00
世界	d1bee96553	Use resolved in local DNS server if available	2025-12-06 11:36:48 +08:00
xchacha20-poly1305	0572e6c436	Fix rule set version	2025-12-06 11:36:48 +08:00
世界	7c1ad09c4c	documentation: Add `preferred_by` route rule item	2025-12-06 11:36:48 +08:00
世界	89b8212ebb	Add `preferred_by` route rule item	2025-12-06 11:36:48 +08:00
世界	fb765bc0da	documentation: Add interface address rule items	2025-12-06 11:36:48 +08:00
世界	83cb784de4	Add interface address rule items	2025-12-06 11:36:47 +08:00
世界	73df4a7665	Fix ECH retry support	2025-12-06 11:36:47 +08:00
neletor	044057168c	Add support for ech retry configs	2025-12-06 11:36:47 +08:00
Zephyruso	4407105f11	Add `/dns/flush-clash` meta api	2025-12-06 11:36:47 +08:00
世界	fdeea12514	Bump version	2025-12-06 11:36:30 +08:00